"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units [goid 30208] [pmid 16505484] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development [goid 45995] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development [goid 45995] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8586427] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development [goid 45995] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms [goid 8535] [pmid 9843204] [evidence TAS]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [goid 9060] [pmid 9843204] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 9843204] [evidence TAS]"
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 2971157] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey [goid 6000] [pmid 9678974] [evidence TAS]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [pmid 9554749] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 8896562] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [pmid 9484778] [evidence TAS]"
"A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9683661] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2007850] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [evidence IEA]"
"A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds [goid 77] [pmid 10617473] [evidence TAS]; A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds [goid 77] [pmid 9889122] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [pmid 12402044] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum [goid 10332] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell [goid 42770] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits [goid 42255] [evidence ISS]"
"A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 12721358] [evidence EXP]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9860302] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific gene or set of genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter [goid 10552] [pmid 11230181] [evidence ISS]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [pmid 11230181] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids [goid 45723] [pmid 11230181] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis [goid 45821] [pmid 11230181] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 11230181] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11230181] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [pmid 8420959] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2032290] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2032290] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein [goid 43666] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9126490] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein [goid 43666] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8641426] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9150135] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9073069] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]"
"The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [evidence NAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [evidence IEA]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [evidence TAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 2302228] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 2302228] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 1572651] [evidence TAS]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8817329] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [pmid 8817329] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6434] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6434] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [pmid 9431993] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation [goid 45668] [pmid 11062344] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence ISS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9044836] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8662936] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8921372] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8921372] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9215685] [evidence TAS]; The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 50906] [evidence IEA]
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple moieties, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein [goid 42787] [pmid 12853982] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 12040031] [evidence ISS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10435631] [evidence TAS]"
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2740331] [evidence NAS]
"The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 9211930] [evidence IDA]; The process by which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by microtubules that grow between molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces [goid 6903] [pmid 9211930] [evidence IDA]; The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [pmid 9211930] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport [goid 42147] [pmid 15215310] [evidence IDA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8692959] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 6933702] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9082] [pmid 6933702] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein [goid 16925] [pmid 10652325] [evidence ISS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9462747] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine [goid 1822] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups [goid 6596] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7828894] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 45742] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 45745] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 15128762] [evidence IDA]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [pmid 15128762] [evidence IEP]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 12645956] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence ISS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 10915796] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 10534406] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8702541] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9759503] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 10708948] [evidence NAS]; The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo [goid 9880] [evidence ISS]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [evidence ISS]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 15621726] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence ISS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate [goid 9258] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9843209] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9405696] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell [goid 45176] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9782094] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord [goid 21919] [pmid 11472837] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30336] [pmid 16449796] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [pmid 11472837] [evidence IMP]; The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state [goid 33504] [pmid 11790302] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 45785] [pmid 16449796] [evidence IDA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 9931490] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [pmid 15583024] [evidence EXP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the oesophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax [goid 30324] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 9949213] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle [goid 30071] [evidence IEA]"
"In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts) [goid 6289] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts) [goid 6289] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine [goid 6729] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11980910] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits [goid 51289] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of nonidentical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51291] [evidence IEA]"
"A point in the eukaryotic cell cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 75] [pmid 17088560] [evidence IMP]; The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage [goid 718] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 11532953] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10662543] [evidence NAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 7588753] [evidence TAS]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 12037571] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 50794] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 50794] [evidence ISS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex [goid 921] [pmid 7926816] [evidence TAS]"
"Progression through M phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis takes place [goid 87] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization [goid 1556] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 1836978] [evidence TAS]; The cell cycle process whereby the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline [goid 7144] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8276402] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 45860] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7715707] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 7715707] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template [goid 9301] [pmid 7715707] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate [goid 6189] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine [goid 9113] [pmid 2253271] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [pmid 11329063] [evidence IEP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 11329063] [evidence NAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 11329063] [evidence NAS]"
"The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 5513] [pmid 11438518] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 1840599] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [pmid 11438518] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis [goid 17157] [pmid 11438518] [evidence TAS]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 11438518] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9020851] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9020851] [evidence TAS]; Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction [goid 7292] [pmid 9020851] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8585] [pmid 7553856] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine [goid 6144] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea [goid 19428] [evidence IEA]"
"A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 2409603] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 2409603] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10477285] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 9153239] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9657428] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10837493] [evidence IDA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [pmid 11977179] [evidence NAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9458049] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 12036598] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes [goid 6895] [pmid 12036598] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 12036598] [evidence NAS]; Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism [goid 50690] [pmid 16103193] [evidence EXP]"
"The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8707850] [evidence TAS]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10699974] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10699974] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10699974] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6435] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6435] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10610709] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals [goid 42471] [evidence IEA]"
"A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [evidence IEA]"
"A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 12697681] [evidence IDA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9468137] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7159] [pmid 9468137] [evidence NAS]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [pmid 9468137] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production [goid 32735] [pmid 9922218] [evidence IDA]; The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation [goid 42100] [pmid 8605945] [evidence IDA]; The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus [goid 45190] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of immunoglobulins from a cell or group of cells [goid 51023] [evidence IEA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 16420527] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11929878] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 16420527] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 11929878] [evidence IDA]; A process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle [goid 33365] [pmid 16420527] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 16420527] [evidence IMP]"
"The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 15197186] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport [goid 42147] [pmid 15215310] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [pmid 15583024] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]"
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 9427527] [evidence NAS]; Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix [goid 30199] [pmid 2187872] [evidence NAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [pmid 9990065] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9990065] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [pmid 9565553] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 9565553] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 9565553] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9478965] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events then required to return the rhodopsin containing cell to the unexcited state [goid 9586] [pmid 9478965] [evidence TAS]; Maintenance of the excited state of a photoreceptor cell to produce a steady state current as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon [goid 16058] [pmid 9478965] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9020843] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 1656454] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events then required to return the rhodopsin containing cell to the unexcited state [goid 9586] [pmid 1656454] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon [goid 16056] [pmid 9147475] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9461128] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15893] [pmid 16738539] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-arabinose, the levorotatory isomer of arabino-pentose. L-arabinose occurs free, e.g. in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, in both furanose and pyranose forms, as a constituent of various plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc [goid 46373] [evidence IEA]"
"Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 12714744] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity [goid 7096] [pmid 12714744] [evidence IMP]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 12714744] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 12714744] [evidence IMP]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete [goid 9994] [pmid 12714744] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis [goid 45836] [pmid 12714744] [evidence IMP]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of oxalate into, out of, within or between cells. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals [goid 19532] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9924018] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 2745977] [evidence TAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 15958728] [evidence IC ]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 15958728] [evidence IC ]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 15162379] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10342878] [evidence TAS]; The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility [goid 7568] [pmid 10342878] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 8812466] [evidence TAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly [goid 1672] [pmid 12660173] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 12660173] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12660173] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 902] [pmid 14645219] [evidence IMP]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 14645219] [evidence IMP]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 11832213] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 11832213] [evidence IMP]"
"The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III [goid 6122] [evidence IEA]; The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis [goid 6119] [pmid 2826252] [evidence TAS]; The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III [goid 6122] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [goid 9060] [pmid 2826252] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence ISS]; Establishment and maturation of focal adhesions, complexes of intracellular signaling and structural proteins which provide a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity [goid 48041] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 11731616] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10871843] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9339373] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine [goid 6853] [pmid 11257506] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation [goid 46320] [pmid 16054041] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 8027028] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 8027028] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8275092] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [pmid 8275092] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus [goid 7638] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system [goid 32288] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity [goid 1523] [pmid 9600267] [evidence IDA];  [goid 6069] [pmid 7876099] [evidence IDA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the omega-carbon in a fatty acid (the carbon furthest in the alkyl chain from the carboxylic acid) is progressively oxidized first to an alcohol and then to a carboxylic acid, creating a molecule with a carboxylic acid on both ends [goid 10430] [pmid 9600267] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus [goid 45471] [pmid 9600267] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 7876099] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6027] [pmid 11698403] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside) [goid 6213] [pmid 10942414] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 11264294] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence ISS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 11264294] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction [goid 6937] [pmid 2250022] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the velocity of muscle filament sliding [goid 32972] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 43462] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 55010] [pmid 15542288] [evidence IMP]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [pmid 15542288] [evidence IMP]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle [goid 7052] [pmid 7737118] [evidence TAS]; A signal transduction based surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of cell division by preventing the premature advance of cells from metaphase to anaphase prior to the successful attachment of kinetochores to spindle microtubules (spindle assembly) [goid 7094] [pmid 10366450] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 1639825] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 16973] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 12153747] [evidence NAS]; The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes [goid 6907] [pmid 12773197] [evidence NAS]; Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [pmid 12153747] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization [goid 30502] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling [goid 46627] [pmid 12153747] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents [goid 50727] [pmid 12642050] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis [goid 50766] [pmid 12725640] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [pmid 7553862] [evidence TAS]; The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell [goid 43303] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 7679927] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9221902] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components [goid 10524] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling [goid 50850] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1311100] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 1311100] [evidence TAS]; The activities involved in the mental information processing system that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation [goid 7616] [evidence IEA]; The process by which cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation, and subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles and targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation; serves as a mechanism to downregulate receptor signaling [goid 31623] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 8954790] [evidence NAS]; A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate [goid 6097] [evidence IEA]; A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle [goid 6102] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 56] [pmid 16037817] [evidence IMP]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. The largest single use of phenol is in the production of plastics, but it is also used in the synthesis of caprolactam, a precursor for nylon 6 and other man-made fibers [goid 18958] [pmid 9463486] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine [goid 42403] [pmid 9443824] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence ISS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone [goid 16486] [evidence IEA]; The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone [goid 16486] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells [goid 46883] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells [goid 46883] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 8612133] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8612133] [evidence TAS]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14644197] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [pmid 8858118] [evidence IDA]; The modification of peptidyl-methionine [goid 18206] [pmid 8858118] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein [goid 31365] [pmid 8858118] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine [goid 6659] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [pmid 9950961] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15742] [pmid 9950961] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system [goid 1841] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened [goid 7224] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation [goid 9953] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8955270] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10436156] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10319851] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 14741369] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [pmid 14741369] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [pmid 8159699] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7158] [pmid 9226371] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules [goid 34109] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling [goid 50850] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9186] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 9263] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9186] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 9263] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column [goid 30903] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10913913] [evidence TAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7797535] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7721880] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8628] [pmid 10913913] [evidence TAS]; The process by which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products [goid 45453] [pmid 15080150] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 46058] [pmid 9927325] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 10859165] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 10859165] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 11802788] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [pmid 11802788] [evidence IDA]; The process by which a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple moieties, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein [goid 42787] [pmid 11802788] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11069021] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by a global activation or inactivation of all, or most of, genes on one or both of the X chromosomes [goid 7549] [pmid 11331621] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9545347] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 12959997] [evidence IDA]
"The vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, through the nuclear pore and across the nuclear envelope [goid 60] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35025] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51091] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [pmid 7553862] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7553862] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1906403] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [evidence IEA]"
"The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs [goid 1522] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence ISS]"
"The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence ISS]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence ISS]"
"The secretion of milk by the mammary gland [goid 7595] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation [goid 30856] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 11118322] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 11247670] [evidence NAS]"
"The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain) [goid 6509] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]; The series of successive proteolytic cleavage events that take place after a Notch receptor binds a ligand, and which lead to the release of the Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), which is the active form of the receptor [goid 7220] [pmid 15274632] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease [goid 42987] [pmid 15274632] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme [goid 43085] [pmid 15274632] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 9792665] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus [goid 9620] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode [goid 9624] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil [goid 30222] [evidence IEA]"
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [evidence IEA]; The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure [goid 1838] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [pmid 8074714] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants [goid 6701] [pmid 10822232] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10822232] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8074714] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 10822232] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8074714] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 8524787] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction [goid 45906] [pmid 11410113] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons [goid 8089] [pmid 15857389] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons [goid 8090] [pmid 15857389] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons [goid 19896] [pmid 15857389] [evidence IMP]; The assembly of neurofilaments into bundles, in which the filaments are longitudinally oriented, with numerous crossbridges between them. Neurofilament bundles may be cross-linked to each other, to membrane-bounded organelles or other cytoskeletal structures such as microtubules [goid 33693] [pmid 15857389] [evidence IMP]; The assembly of neurofilaments into bundles, in which the filaments are longitudinally oriented, with numerous crossbridges between them. Neurofilament bundles may be cross-linked to each other, to membrane-bounded organelles or other cytoskeletal structures such as microtubules [goid 33693] [pmid 12432080] [evidence IDA]; Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 45109] [pmid 12432080] [evidence IMP]; Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 45109] [pmid 17052987] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10506173] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus [goid 1782] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9311921] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation [goid 30889] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10688657] [evidence IDA]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10799545] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 9008160] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10889186] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity [goid 7194] [pmid 10889186] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of keratinocytes, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another [goid 51546] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7212] [evidence IEA]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10854700] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 7221563] [evidence NAS]; The secretion of milk by the mammary gland [goid 7595] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10854700] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10593918] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10593918] [evidence IMP]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 14550572] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 9828131] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9828131] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence IEA]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; The actions or reactions of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg [goid 7628] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxalate into, out of, within or between cells. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals [goid 19532] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7929237] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9990065] [evidence TAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 8538742] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10861272] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin [goid 50796] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9548483] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7808419] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10518497] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis [goid 6110] [pmid 9928932] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9928932] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9230079] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 9359840] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30833] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30833] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10449790] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9189649] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9189649] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline [goid 18101] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline [goid 18101] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10198158] [evidence TAS]; Any biological process in an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours [goid 7623] [pmid 10198158] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical daylength'. The critical daylength varies between species [goid 9648] [pmid 10198158] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9576906] [evidence IGI]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 2452165] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity [goid 7194] [pmid 7608168] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of sperm mitochondria; the process by which they take on their characteristic morphology; they are flattened, elongated, and arranged circumferentially into a tight helical coil around the tail-dense fibers of the mature sperm [goid 30382] [evidence IEA]; A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium [goid 48240] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones [goid 6590] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10841549] [evidence NAS]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7206] [pmid 7908515] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7908515] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase [goid 185] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The developmental process by which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 3007] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the oesophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax [goid 30324] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase [goid 185] [pmid 8638164] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 8132547] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10488139] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 8132547] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10557353] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 8421707] [evidence NAS]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10488139] [evidence TAS]; Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8343] [evidence ISS]; Any process that increases appetite [goid 32100] [evidence ISS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 15087446] [evidence IDA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the oesophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax [goid 30324] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone [goid 42445] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of branches in a tube are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A tube is a long hollow cylinder [goid 48754] [evidence IEA]"
"The cell cycle process whereby replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets [goid 70] [pmid 9925916] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane [goid 6996] [pmid 9925916] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10848592] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence NAS]"
"The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi [goid 1675] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate [goid 6235] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi [goid 1675] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate [goid 6235] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10783264] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9671755] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9837776] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42113] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 11897662] [evidence IDA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 11897662] [evidence IDA]; The process leading to expression of genes that are typically not expressed due to silencing by regulatory proteins [goid 6345] [pmid 10759893] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10234000] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 10234000] [evidence NAS]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior [goid 42752] [pmid 10234000] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 6584] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [pmid 8211186] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline [goid 42420] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 7649249] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 8943324] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [pmid 10567213] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9191] [pmid 10722730] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-ribose (ribo-pentose) [goid 19303] [pmid 10567213] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]"
"Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 1634521] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]"
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [pmid 16263759] [evidence IDA]
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 1384048] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis [goid 6166] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [evidence IEA]; Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis [goid 6166] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6220] [pmid 7685356] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9165] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9712705] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9712705] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triacylglycerols are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins [goid 6641] [pmid 1379598] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 12794121] [evidence NAS]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 12407027] [evidence IMP]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 12407027] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [pmid 12794121] [evidence IMP]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 12407027] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 12407027] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter [goid 42795] [pmid 9418884] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter [goid 42796] [pmid 9418884] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 11279515] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11592033] [evidence IC ]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8441384] [evidence TAS]"
"A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps: poly(A) tail shortening, deadenylylation-dependent decapping, and decay of the transcript body, and that can regulate mRNA stability [goid 288] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7835719] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs [goid 43488] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial membrane, the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion [goid 7006] [pmid 9786947] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [pmid 9731200] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9731200] [evidence TAS]; The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form [goid 43653] [pmid 12499352] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9188857] [evidence NAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9368760] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 14749367] [evidence IDA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 10792047] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 10792047] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence NAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 7794280] [evidence TAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase [goid 7167] [pmid 9153205] [evidence TAS]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [pmid 11027634] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom [goid 9308] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10914484] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10914484] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10463611] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9632704] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 1460054] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8861914] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages [goid 30099] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 10092216] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10092216] [evidence TAS]"
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 9523700] [evidence TAS]
"The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell [goid 6930] [pmid 9582072] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9582072] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9582072] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 9582072] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10381382] [evidence TAS]; Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30041] [pmid 10381382] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9086] [evidence IEA]; The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine [goid 19509] [pmid 15843022] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]"
"Branching of the ureteric bud [goid 1658] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9660951] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9660951] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis [goid 9954] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 15308636] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10477596] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8103515] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8103515] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7159] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8103515] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell [goid 22409] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42102] [evidence IEA]; The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus [goid 50798] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling [goid 50850] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript [goid 6378] [pmid 1741396] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 1741396] [evidence TAS]"
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 7760846] [evidence TAS]; Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction [goid 7292] [pmid 8849725] [evidence TAS]; Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction [goid 7292] [pmid 7760846] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7528] [evidence IEA]; The sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation [goid 19226] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 8661155] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10441506] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10441506] [evidence TAS]"
"Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor [goid 1510] [pmid 9409616] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons [goid 8089] [pmid 7539720] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15804] [pmid 12930836] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of levorotatory isomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15807] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12181327] [evidence IMP]; The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis [goid 6269] [pmid 12181327] [evidence IDA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9637720] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7961880] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity [goid 7194] [pmid 9637720] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands; muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activate inhibitory G proteins and can be activated by the fungal alkaloid muscarine [goid 7213] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 8587610] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 14722116] [evidence IGI]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 14722116] [evidence IGI]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42113] [pmid 12514734] [evidence IDA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42113] [pmid 14722116] [evidence TAS]; The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell [goid 43303] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell [goid 50853] [pmid 12514734] [evidence IDA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [pmid 10747910] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway [goid 30512] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9521323] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 9521323] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [pmid 18281244] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 18281244] [evidence IEP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8585] [pmid 18281244] [evidence IEP]"
"The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence NAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents [goid 30277] [evidence NAS]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation [goid 45668] [evidence IEA]"
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 9395085] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles [goid 6892] [pmid 9358037] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-arabinose, the levorotatory isomer of arabino-pentose. L-arabinose occurs free, e.g. in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, in both furanose and pyranose forms, as a constituent of various plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc [goid 46373] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10790433] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation [goid 50868] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 9122178] [evidence TAS]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [pmid 11483367] [evidence NAS]; The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle [goid 7413] [pmid 8812479] [evidence NAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 8812479] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8812479] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 8812479] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension [goid 30516] [pmid 8812479] [evidence NAS]; The process by which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization [goid 45162] [pmid 14602817] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45666] [pmid 8812479] [evidence NAS]"
"The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell [goid 7020] [pmid 11003675] [evidence TAS]; The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule [goid 46785] [pmid 15047868] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [pmid 11003675] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 6182] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity [goid 7168] [pmid 1356371] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9888789] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10095122] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL (CD95), an antigen originally found to be expressed on the cell surface of activated human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes and a variety of malignant human lymphoid cell lines [goid 45210] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11524421] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [pmid 11524421] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]"
"The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10601267] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8978777] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8892648] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 1657923] [evidence IMP]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [pmid 1657923] [evidence IDA]"
"The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments [goid 6309] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination [goid 6449] [pmid 8530410] [evidence TAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9596658] [evidence NAS]; Any process that generates a pyrimidine, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis [goid 8655] [pmid 9596658] [evidence NAS]; The removal of amino group in the presence of water [goid 9972] [pmid 9596658] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives [goid 19858] [pmid 7923172] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 9596658] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides [goid 45980] [pmid 9596658] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside [goid 46087] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits [goid 51289] [pmid 9596658] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits [goid 51289] [pmid 15689149] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1438229] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1438229] [evidence NAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42113] [pmid 1438229] [evidence NAS]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript [goid 6378] [pmid 1358884] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 1358884] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 16049014] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the activin family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 32924] [pmid 16049014] [evidence IDA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]; The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field [goid 45165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 16049014] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis [goid 6166] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9156] [pmid 9070863] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9344674] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a mitochondrial DNA template is completed [goid 6393] [pmid 9118945] [evidence TAS]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8662091] [evidence NAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 30101] [pmid 8662091] [evidence NAS]"
"The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 10531035] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments [goid 31032] [evidence IEA]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 8798755] [evidence TAS]
"The process by which receptor molecules are returned to an active state and in an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal [goid 1881] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 7522304] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile [goid 6699] [pmid 10748047] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6707] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 10748047] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile [goid 30573] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence ISS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence ISS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 15247260] [evidence IMP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins [goid 30048] [evidence ISS]; Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins [goid 30048] [pmid 10519557] [evidence NAS]; A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage [goid 30330] [pmid 16507995] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 16949370] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a substance from a cell or group of cells [goid 51046] [pmid 15837803] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10521492] [evidence TAS]"
"The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo [goid 1755] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8798744] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8798744] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo [goid 9880] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42102] [evidence IEA]"
"The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 1325562] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]"
"The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2) [goid 9051] [pmid 3858849] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule [goid 19322] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 3858849] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10318867] [evidence IGI]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1719379] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a male gamete over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 7286] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10051746] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10940357] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9603968] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 2739737] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8063729] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 45987] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 12149247] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12149247] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12149247] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [pmid 12149247] [evidence NAS]; An ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots [goid 42730] [pmid 12149247] [evidence IDA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 11025660] [evidence NAS]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 11684705] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 6940] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]"
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 7828893] [evidence TAS]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1703541] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8999962] [evidence NAS]
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8068206] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 8647875] [evidence TAS]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [pmid 8647875] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 6940] [pmid 14550641] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments [goid 31032] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 9119360] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n [goid 30311] [pmid 15620693] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 1568] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7966354] [evidence NAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 7966354] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 7966354] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 35050] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm [goid 7603] [pmid 1418997] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon [goid 16056] [pmid 8107847] [evidence TAS]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a male gamete over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 7286] [evidence IEA]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus [goid 7638] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Progression through prophase of meiosis I; divided into several stages [goid 7128] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups [goid 16571] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7894484] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10348742] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway [goid 17015] [pmid 15702480] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30513] [pmid 17068149] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 15702480] [evidence IMP]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2303035] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2303035] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9651585] [evidence IDA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [pmid 14592989] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 11489891] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a MAP kinase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 45204] [pmid 11489891] [evidence TAS]; Leptomycin B-sensitive movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 45209] [pmid 11489891] [evidence TAS]; Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production [goid 32715] [pmid 8409400] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production [goid 32717] [pmid 8409400] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production [goid 32720] [pmid 8409400] [evidence IDA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation [goid 43031] [pmid 8409400] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10773454] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 1867] [pmid 11532276] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 1867] [pmid 11549596] [evidence IPI]; Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [pmid 2477488] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 11549596] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody [goid 8228] [pmid 2477488] [evidence TAS]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 9434124] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9434124] [evidence TAS]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures [goid 30951] [pmid 14718566] [evidence IMP]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation [goid 51151] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 1655803] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task) [goid 7613] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 10851236] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [pmid 10851236] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 17604275] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base [goid 19363] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 11018012] [evidence IDA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 10078207] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8804307] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12192000] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11018012] [evidence IDA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes [goid 7032] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 2189102] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 1409633] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 8855339] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue [goid 8542] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10910894] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9670926] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10910894] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8816377] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 9417093] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides [goid 5996] [pmid 11323440] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione [goid 6790] [pmid 11323440] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [pmid 11323440] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [pmid 11356829] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans [goid 30166] [pmid 11356829] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n [goid 30309] [pmid 11356829] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n [goid 30309] [pmid 11323440] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10912793] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 8137421] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8137421] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein [goid 7258] [pmid 14967141] [evidence IDA]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14764673] [evidence EXP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [pmid 14967141] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 14967141] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2513884] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella [goid 1539] [pmid 9373155] [evidence NAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell [goid 1508] [pmid 11102480] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 11102480] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [pmid 8326825] [evidence NAS]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 3286634] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 8336540] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes [goid 1889] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8975704] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8975704] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9177166] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9177166] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation [goid 9314] [pmid 9177166] [evidence TAS]; Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 86] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium [goid 9617] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 8107850] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 8107850] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10587371] [evidence NAS]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [pmid 10587371] [evidence TAS]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7826947] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7826947] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 11048727] [evidence EXP]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14644197] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina [goid 46666] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 9501016] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a palmitoyl moiety to a protein [goid 18345] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 42953] [pmid 15603740] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 11263980] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid [goid 6672] [pmid 8808629] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8808629] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 10708748] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence ISS]; The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens [goid 45060] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 15755723] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8614804] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9207113] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8614804] [evidence TAS]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10830164] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10463072] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 10830164] [evidence TAS];  [goid 8627] [pmid 15044459] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30301] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 2447084] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30301] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9653656] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [evidence ISS]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid [goid 6664] [pmid 10207017] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 9129147] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9129147] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9129147] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 3463996] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme [goid 50790] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9096318] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 9395085] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [pmid 10542325] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9050928] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm [goid 7369] [pmid 7916327] [evidence NAS]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 7896816] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine phosphatase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7185] [pmid 7896816] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9113991] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9113991] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [pmid 11294831] [evidence NAS]
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [pmid 11300766] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 11300766] [evidence IDA]"
"The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation, it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine [goid 1514] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached [goid 32957] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8662638] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached [goid 32957] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10908561] [evidence NAS]"
"Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10508613] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10954742] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9463407] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10954742] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 2 type immune response [goid 2829] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10747856] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes [goid 48295] [evidence IEA]"
"The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 9230071] [evidence TAS]; The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [pmid 9230071] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8999869] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [pmid 1709013] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a male gamete over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 7286] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a male gamete over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 7286] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism [goid 48511] [evidence IEA]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1825810] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2682662] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 16186805] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 16186805] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9786939] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9786939] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 3211147] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17133345] [evidence EXP]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 9786939] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell [goid 10001] [evidence IEA]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10854325] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10854325] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10854325] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [pmid 1085432] [evidence IDA]; A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 45321] [pmid 11441107] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 9275162] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk [goid 30879] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9774689] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9380751] [evidence TAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 9407042] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of saliva from the salivary glands. In man, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin [goid 46541] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a protein from a cell or group of cells [goid 50714] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8918462] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10712923] [evidence EXP]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7159] [evidence IEA]; The initial attachment of a membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the two membranes. Docking requires only that the membranes come close enough for the proteins to interact and adhere [goid 22614] [pmid 12082081] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits [goid 33627] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body [goid 50900] [pmid 12082081] [evidence IEP]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8666243] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 45744] [evidence IEA]"
"A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps: poly(A) tail shortening, deadenylylation-dependent decapping, and decay of the transcript body, and that can regulate mRNA stability [goid 288] [evidence IEA]; The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes [goid 1570] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs [goid 43488] [pmid 15467755] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10527846] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs [goid 7567] [pmid 10527846] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation [goid 45604] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation [goid 45604] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation [goid 45604] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2303426] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 3327687] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 3496523] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 3453117] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [pmid 12031792] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 12031792] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development [goid 16202] [pmid 12031792] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [pmid 12031792] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine [goid 1817] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell [goid 50860] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine [goid 1817] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 14970218] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell [goid 50860] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9806540] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 12359715] [evidence IMP]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 12359715] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12359715] [evidence IDA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42113] [pmid 12359715] [evidence IDA]; A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 46649] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell, whose mechanism includes the use of alternate polyadenylylation signals to favor the biosynthesis of secreted forms of immunoglobulin over membrane-bound immunoglobulin [goid 48305] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell [goid 50851] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation [goid 50868] [pmid 12359715] [evidence IDA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 7958871] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 7904817] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [pmid 10995578] [evidence NAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 10995578] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 1846968] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA [goid 16074] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 10744668] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8943050] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8943050] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12169691] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 12169691] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 12169691] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 8566756] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis [goid 6119] [pmid 8288258] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [goid 9060] [pmid 8288258] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends [goid 6303] [evidence IEA]; The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends [goid 6303] [evidence IEA]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm [goid 1824] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibres or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 7520] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation [goid 45600] [pmid 15567149] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole [goid 50872] [pmid 15567149] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria [goid 50873] [pmid 15567149] [evidence ISS]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9070279] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9070279] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1505960] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence ISS]; The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate [goid 21999] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell [goid 22407] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 32583] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of dendrite are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 48813] [evidence ISS]"
"The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 10801785] [evidence TAS]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]"
"The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix [goid 6302] [pmid 17562789] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 17562789] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]"
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 10209021] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1840538] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 11818576] [evidence IDA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9751059] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9751059] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9751059] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [pmid 10585417] [evidence NAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10585417] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10585417] [evidence NAS]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity [goid 7171] [pmid 10585417] [evidence IDA]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [pmid 9009200] [evidence TAS]; The secretion of milk by the mammary gland [goid 7595] [pmid 10585417] [evidence NAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 10585417] [evidence NAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK2 (Janus Activated Kinase 2) protein, thereby activating it [goid 42977] [pmid 10585417] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1406622] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage [goid 30225] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [pmid 10873651] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [pmid 3855550] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15886] [pmid 3855550] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation [goid 46320] [pmid 16054041] [evidence EXP]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10391219] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9652388] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8083195] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 15531465] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 8706931] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence IEA]; The process by which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation [goid 1836] [pmid 17052454] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9727491] [evidence TAS]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 15231831] [evidence EXP]; The process of apoptosis in neurons, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system [goid 51402] [pmid 16167175] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8269842] [evidence TAS]"
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 10854063] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
"Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [pmid 10610776] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence NAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins [goid 10466] [pmid 6203523] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8188302] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [pmid 15781745] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 9220] [pmid 10462544] [evidence TAS]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]; A neurological process that causes the sequential depolarization of a neuron's cell membrane along an axon [goid 19227] [evidence IEA]; The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents [goid 43297] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 12960173] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction [goid 6937] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8972228] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 43010] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation [goid 45597] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate [goid 48468] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the human bloodstream. Vitamin D is also known as calciferol and five different forms are known, including ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol [goid 42359] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The process by which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by microtubules that grow between molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces [goid 6903] [pmid 9188044] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport [goid 42147] [pmid 15215310] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues [goid 1573] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 1918072] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7556170] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 8679694] [evidence TAS]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [pmid 7556170] [evidence TAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length [goid 6939] [evidence NAS]; Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins [goid 30048] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 12234663] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages [goid 30099] [pmid 12234663] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 1867] [pmid 11532276] [evidence EXP]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell [goid 2347] [evidence IEA]; A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [pmid 10391249] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [pmid 10391251] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15678106] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triacylglycerols are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins [goid 6641] [pmid 10727238] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 10727238] [evidence ISS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 1969408] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9261151] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9261151] [evidence TAS]; The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues [goid 42246] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 12071859] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 14609955] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8350924] [evidence TAS]"
"The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis [goid 6911] [pmid 9548255] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9548255] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8661160] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [pmid 9808620] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 9808620] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9395448] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9395448] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7641687] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions [goid 19853] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the dextrorotatory isomer of glucuronate [goid 42840] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O [goid 46185] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [pmid 2498333] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid; L-ascorbic acid ionizes to give L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, which is required as a cofactor in the oxidation of prolyl residues to hydroxyprolyl, and other reactions [goid 19853] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the dextrorotatory isomer of glucuronate [goid 42840] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O [goid 46185] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8245132] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7719343] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 7719343] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 30539] [pmid 9626653] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [pmid 11875103] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11875103] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an estrogen binding to its receptor [goid 30520] [pmid 11875103] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [pmid 11875103] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12054647] [evidence NAS]; Progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan [goid 7569] [pmid 12054647] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 16357133] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity [goid 43508] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [pmid 12054647] [evidence NAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
"Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus [goid 7638] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which the axon of a neuron is insulated, and that insulation maintained, thereby preventing dispersion of the electrical signal [goid 8366] [pmid 11133365] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 7694637] [evidence NAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 7691713] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 1381503] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8524284] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 8524284] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template [goid 9301] [pmid 8524284] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 10610727] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6108] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate [goid 6090] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6108] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [pmid 7818469] [evidence TAS]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [goid 9060] [pmid 7818469] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 7818469] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase [goid 6003] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9367539] [evidence NAS]
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12524539] [evidence TAS]; The proteolytic degradation of lamins during apoptosis, leading to the irreversible breakdown of the nuclear lamina [goid 6922] [pmid 11331782] [evidence IDA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [pmid 1910331] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 15159456] [evidence IDA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 15159456] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues [goid 7492] [pmid 9885251] [evidence TAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 15561105] [evidence IMP]; A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix [goid 22617] [pmid 15159456] [evidence IMP]; Assembly of hemidesmosomes, integrin-containing protein complexes that bind to laminin in the basal lamina. Hemidesmosomes form the contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying basal lamina [goid 31581] [pmid 15159456] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50679] [pmid 14557481] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process by which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier [goid 42552] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron [goid 48663] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system [goid 48709] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2937147] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9089077] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 9089077] [evidence TAS]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence IEA]"
"Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 17210579] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 8974401] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 8974401] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10673050] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10471929] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10840027] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand [goid 6271] [pmid 7774928] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]"
"The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [pmid 9733776] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [pmid 9733776] [evidence TAS]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 7550325] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7550325] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10945470] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization [goid 30502] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Progression through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline [goid 7141] [pmid 9843212] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9843212] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9389754] [evidence TAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 2154602] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9389754] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle [goid 7052] [pmid 8227145] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 11035016] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8207080] [evidence NAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft [goid 1504] [pmid 7681602] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of serotonin into, out of, within or between cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems [goid 6837] [pmid 7681602] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15844] [pmid 16024787] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate [goid 30206] [pmid 12080076] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food [goid 42476] [pmid 14630903] [evidence NAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10358032] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10339433] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 10339433] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7934162] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 7934162] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed during the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 114] [pmid 9566867] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9566867] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9566867] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9368056] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9368056] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6436] [evidence IEA]; The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes [goid 1570] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6436] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules [goid 51383] [pmid 11092768] [evidence TAS]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10581077] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10581077] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10581077] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42130] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 12379217] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol [goid 6072] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 6071] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 14580347] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 45736] [pmid 14580347] [evidence IDA]"
"Process by which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the plasma membrane [goid 7016] [pmid 10793131] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7159] [pmid 12082081] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; The initial attachment of a membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the two membranes. Docking requires only that the membranes come close enough for the proteins to interact and adhere [goid 22614] [pmid 12082081] [evidence IEP]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [pmid 10793131] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8921386] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 11809673] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9721215] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 15105459] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [pmid 12606567] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [pmid 16386852] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The modification of peptidyl-methionine [goid 18206] [pmid 16386852] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein [goid 31365] [pmid 16386852] [evidence TAS]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor coupled to effectors through GTP-binding proteins [goid 7216] [pmid 9808458] [evidence TAS]
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 7665234] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10192395] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7665234] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence ISS]; Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft [goid 16079] [pmid 10508862] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail [goid 16117] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus [goid 9605] [pmid 8661009] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 8973361] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9115293] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9115293] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]; The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate [goid 51216] [evidence IEA]"
"A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 9611266] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces [goid 16080] [pmid 10321247] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis [goid 17157] [pmid 10321247] [evidence IMP]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis [goid 17157] [evidence ISS]"
"The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19884] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth [goid 30517] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell [goid 40023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension [goid 45773] [evidence IEA]"
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 12566319] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8325635] [evidence TAS]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9989412] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 9989412] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 9396714] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7639753] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15858] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15858] [pmid 9396714] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 9702198] [evidence TAS]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of cell differentiation that results in the anterior/posterior subdivision of the embryonic heart tube. In Drosophila this results in subdivision of the dorsal vessel into to the posterior heart proper and the anterior aorta [goid 35054] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9702198] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord [goid 48318] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 9566973] [evidence TAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9566973] [evidence IMP]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 1704365] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 16891397] [evidence IEP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine [goid 1819] [pmid 12615919] [evidence NAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 12615919] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12615919] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 15143214] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell [goid 50861] [pmid 15143214] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51091] [pmid 12615919] [evidence IDA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10766762] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 9382880] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9382880] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9653196] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 9653196] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus which develops into the kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord [goid 1656] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 8563765] [evidence IMP]; Any process by which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine [goid 50892] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 12489984] [evidence IDA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [pmid 10980448] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [pmid 17705025] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [pmid 17705025] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10210332] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10210332] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12888622] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 7796396] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey [goid 6000] [pmid 3383242] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [pmid 3383242] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8995301] [evidence TAS]"
"Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication [goid 2230] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6410] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s) [goid 16553] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retroviral genome replication [goid 45869] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts [goid 48525] [pmid 17121840] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9630226] [evidence TAS]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 10692450] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10973496] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 10848577] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein [goid 7260] [pmid 10692450] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 66] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo [goid 1756] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 10835488] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 10497217] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10497217] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 10497217] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by addition of acetyl groups [goid 16573] [pmid 11965546] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11965546] [evidence IDA]"
"The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo [goid 1755] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9931477] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus which develops into the kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord [goid 1656] [evidence IEA]; The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ [goid 1759] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [pmid 11035016] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia [goid 31274] [pmid 11035016] [evidence IDA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12353226] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9738934] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 12353226] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins [goid 47497] [pmid 12762840] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
"The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds [goid 103] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9771708] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2118648] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"A process whereby force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length [goid 6939] [evidence ISS]; A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]; Formation of the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils [goid 30241] [evidence ISS]; Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching [goid 48251] [pmid 16444274] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48739] [pmid 16444274] [evidence IMP]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [pmid 9240463] [evidence NAS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals [goid 302] [pmid 16082188] [evidence IDA]; Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 16357139] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1940442] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 15740587] [evidence NAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 15568027] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50829] [pmid 15568027] [evidence IMP]; The process of binding or confining metal ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system [goid 51238] [pmid 15568027] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8996089] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 1655761] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]"
"Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 14970115] [evidence IDA]; Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 14970115] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation [goid 1937] [pmid 9473216] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation [goid 1938] [pmid 14970115] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9473216] [evidence IDA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 14970115] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9473216] [evidence IDA]; The regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells [goid 9306] [pmid 2745426] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 14970115] [evidence IDA]; The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium [goid 43542] [pmid 9473216] [evidence TAS]; The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus [goid 48245] [pmid 9473216] [evidence IDA]; Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical [goid 50930] [pmid 9473216] [evidence IDA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 16585270] [evidence IMP]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 12515822] [evidence IMP]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules [goid 51382] [pmid 16585270] [evidence IDA]"
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
"The process of renal water excretion [goid 30146] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 30819] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 1740104] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6833] [pmid 1740104] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8794883] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 1740104] [evidence TAS]; A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, usually causing an increase in blood pressure [goid 42310] [evidence IEA]"
"The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage [goid 718] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [pmid 14724641] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7598724] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8798479] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 1712830] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of metal ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6875] [pmid 10390358] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 10390358] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [pmid 10729223] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [pmid 15299019] [evidence IMP]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 17452330] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration [goid 14912] [pmid 17452330] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide [goid 31665] [pmid 17452330] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a of lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria [goid 32496] [pmid 17452330] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity [goid 43405] [pmid 15299019] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 43433] [pmid 15299019] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation [goid 48662] [pmid 17452330] [evidence IMP]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 9360842] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 8371983] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 6182] [evidence IEA]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 8605041] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in a multicellular organism [goid 7589] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased [goid 45776] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 8641425] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade [goid 46328] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 12724142] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 112639999] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 11935339] [evidence NAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 11935339] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin moiety [goid 46653] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7606712] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization [goid 31115] [pmid 11943150] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 10512675] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 10753883] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones [goid 6700] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol [goid 6704] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [pmid 9326943] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 8560270] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [evidence ISS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 10799489] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7753549] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein [goid 16925] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10209299] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol moiety is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate moiety, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage [goid 6506] [pmid 16162815] [evidence IDA]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9050919] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 9050919] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [pmid 8834001] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction [goid 6940] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9565569] [evidence TAS]; The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female [goid 7320] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 7511586] [evidence TAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9030597] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 8394174] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm [goid 7603] [pmid 8394174] [evidence TAS]; The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal [goid 9583] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [pmid 12135483] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands [goid 6278] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9396811] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8314590] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 48593] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances [goid 50673] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 7651517] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 7889574] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7889574] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 9521325] [evidence TAS]"
"The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 9712583] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine [goid 19441] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid [goid 19674] [pmid 14704851] [evidence EXP]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 9118953] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 7499268] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 48666] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7862649] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7738033] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 7862649] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8833032] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 7862649] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 7588608] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7588608] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 8710501] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9409] [pmid 8710501] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7210] [pmid 9109547] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9109547] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [pmid 1614875] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10441749] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 11160515] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10951563] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 1749935] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9845520] [evidence TAS]; The gamma-carboxylation of peptidyl-glutamic acid; catalyzed by the vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase [goid 17187] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [pmid 7874115] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 7874115] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 1324944] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 1324944] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 9482292] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 9139825] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10419538] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 15502821] [evidence IMP]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand [goid 1775] [pmid 11285253] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 14506129] [evidence TAS]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10818238] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [pmid 8280179] [evidence TAS]"
"Progression through anaphase, the stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and move away from each other [goid 90] [pmid 1541636] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus [goid 6997] [pmid 1541630] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 7753797] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 1630450] [evidence TAS]; The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6337] [pmid 11555662] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [pmid 11555662] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein [goid 35067] [pmid 11555662] [evidence TAS]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]"
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 10653696] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor coupled to effectors through GTP-binding proteins [goid 7216] [pmid 9808458] [evidence TAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 3036828] [evidence NAS]
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 9674433] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 9618511] [evidence NAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 8611620] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9165] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis [goid 6911] [pmid 11729193] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10574763] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid [goid 6547] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid and its derivatives [goid 6760] [pmid 10029623] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10211996] [evidence TAS]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [pmid 10211996] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 9054404] [evidence TAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 2110361] [evidence ND ]"
The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]
"A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell [goid 1837] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell [goid 6970] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another [goid 6518] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another [goid 6518] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein [goid 6622] [pmid 10024875] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 6202424] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 9462742] [evidence NAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9462742] [evidence NAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9462742] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 12450395] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1346761] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 2849755] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [pmid 1737758] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 1737758] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1655281] [evidence TAS]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 48593] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8761309] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 8761309] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [evidence ISS]; The process by which synaptic vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces [goid 16080] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45664] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity [goid 43407] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity [goid 43407] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through M phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis takes place [goid 87] [pmid 12527899] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis [goid 7079] [pmid 12527899] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 12527899] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the mitotic metaphase to anaphase transition [goid 45842] [pmid 12527899] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10552934] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10552934] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10552934] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11447234] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence ISS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand entering the target cell, where it binds to an intracellular receptor [goid 30522] [pmid 11447234] [evidence NAS]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [evidence ISS]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [pmid 11447234] [evidence IDA]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11181953] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8769313] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10749889] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8769313] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11181953] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an estrogen binding to its receptor [goid 30520] [pmid 11181953] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8530029] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7914078] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 1346068] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 1346068] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 1346068] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9892014] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code [goid 6450] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6519] [pmid 12704427] [evidence IDA]"
"Branching of the ureteric bud [goid 1658] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9491986] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 9149941] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 9149941] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate [goid 6177] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine [goid 9113] [pmid 8089153] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 9653652] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15936] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 10347254] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [pmid 10347254] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid [goid 6537] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6562] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid [goid 6537] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6562] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [evidence IEA]"
The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 8521730] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly [goid 31334] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers [goid 32273] [pmid 15590652] [evidence IDA]; The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule [goid 46785] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8092987] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1512466] [evidence TAS]"
"The developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 902] [pmid 10869423] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [pmid 10869423] [evidence IDA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10869423] [evidence TAS]; Progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan [goid 7569] [pmid 10869423] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10869423] [evidence ISS]; The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways [goid 42554] [pmid 10869423] [evidence ISS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10869423] [evidence IDA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 6182] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity [goid 7168] [pmid 7777544] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7777544] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane [goid 6649] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9054934] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm [goid 7603] [pmid 9202155] [evidence TAS]; Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits [goid 51262] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9736772] [evidence NAS]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits [goid 51262] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein [goid 42523] [pmid 9722506] [evidence IDA]; The process by which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin [goid 43011] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 45740] [pmid 9722506] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level [goid 45885] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9153236] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10741397] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 9153236] [evidence TAS]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 15448164] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination [goid 6449] [pmid 9838146] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 8596958] [evidence TAS]"
An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 10508479] [evidence TAS]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 12231349] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 11322959] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9312005] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9312005] [evidence TAS]"
"The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation, it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine [goid 1514] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 1301160] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7490069] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones [goid 6700] [evidence IEA]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [pmid 9270027] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [pmid 9270027] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8170945] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate) [goid 6233] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate [goid 6235] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 8024690] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8024690] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9165] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7189] [pmid 3008329] [evidence IDA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 6192430] [evidence TAS]; The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus [goid 21984] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size [goid 40018] [pmid 8421089] [evidence IMP]; Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell or group of cells [goid 60124] [pmid 3008329] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8440238] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 7479821] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism [goid 19079] [pmid 7479821] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 9207021] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds [goid 51346] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 8394762] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9697698] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10585779] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence IEA]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2739739] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [pmid 7606786] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7606786] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7606786] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [pmid 8794732] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a sensory temperature stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 50965] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 48659] [evidence ISS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 10080180] [evidence IMP]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 15489958] [evidence IMP]; The modification of peptidyl-methionine [goid 18206] [pmid 15489958] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein [goid 31365] [pmid 15489958] [evidence IDA]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8554571] [evidence TAS]"
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence ISS]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [pmid 12629050] [evidence ISS]"
"A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10801775] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10801775] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 8195146] [evidence ISS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 8195146] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle [goid 30071] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The somatic process by means of which sequence diversity of immunoglobulins is generated [goid 16445] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus [goid 33077] [evidence IEA]; The process by which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS) [goid 33151] [evidence IEA]"
The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units [goid 30497] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 2850480] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2850480] [evidence NAS]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9630229] [evidence NAS]
"Pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway [goid 1561] [pmid 10468558] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues [goid 6032] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 9341614] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation [goid 1832] [evidence IEA]; The hatching of the cellular blastocyst from the zona pellucida [goid 1835] [evidence IEA]; Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin [goid 6346] [evidence IEA]; Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed [goid 7403] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium) [goid 30902] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8208605] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom [goid 6479] [pmid 3355545] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues [goid 30091] [pmid 8074695] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 11684705] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 50658] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [pmid 10570958] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10534398] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation [goid 1937] [pmid 11741979] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [pmid 9405472] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 7545917] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 7545917] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9405472] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 11741979] [evidence IDA]; The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body [goid 50900] [pmid 11306575] [evidence IDA]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10320330] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue [goid 42755] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The developmental process by which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 3007] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed [goid 7521] [evidence IEA]; Progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan [goid 7569] [pmid 11748239] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 11748239] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk [goid 30879] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48738] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10455022] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 11054569] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 8673086] [evidence TAS]; The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time [goid 7611] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells [goid 9306] [evidence IEA]"
"The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass [goid 1833] [evidence ISS]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 17643419] [evidence IMP]; Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience [goid 7612] [pmid 18478597] [evidence IMP]; The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue [goid 30282] [pmid 17920346] [evidence IMP]; The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus [goid 30595] [pmid 14743349] [evidence IDA]; The cell cycle process whereby spindle integrity is maintained during M phase of mitosis [goid 43148] [pmid 18324336] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48539] [pmid 15342903] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9598312] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation [goid 45578] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation [goid 45638] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues [goid 6030] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polysaccharides, polymers of more than 10 monosaccharide residues joined by glycosidic linkages [goid 272] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues [goid 6032] [pmid 9748235] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9748235] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium [goid 9617] [pmid 9402970] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9030575] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 9169143] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9169143] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [pmid 12191473] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts) [goid 6289] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10777477] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups [goid 16575] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence ISS]; The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head [goid 7342] [pmid 9510955] [evidence NAS]"
The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10594239] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water [goid 6809] [pmid 8702680] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances [goid 9890] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42133] [pmid 8702680] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]"
"The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 10766186] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [pmid 10766186] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 12037571] [evidence IDA]"
"The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 10742096] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [evidence ISS]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9247084] [evidence TAS]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor [goid 9060] [pmid 9247084] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a protein is incorporated into a biological membrane [goid 51205] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 9247084] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 8034610] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 2387396] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid [goid 6564] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 8758134] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid [goid 6564] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal [goid 16045] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibres are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast [goid 48741] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 12736868] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell [goid 30033] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location [goid 51648] [pmid 8692943] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]"
"A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea [goid 50] [pmid 10369256] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 66] [pmid 10369256] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 10369256] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons [goid 6388] [evidence IEA]; Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons [goid 6388] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7202] [pmid 7797501] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 10571060] [evidence IGI]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7207] [pmid 7797501] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 8887545] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8887545] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10524212] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9083] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 5513] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10692449] [evidence TAS]; The process that modulates the membrane potential involved in the propagation of a signal in a neuron [goid 19228] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [pmid 10692449] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell or group of cells [goid 46928] [pmid 10692449] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 2813404] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 2813404] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units [goid 19408] [pmid 8179616] [evidence IDA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51259] [evidence ISS]"
"Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [evidence IEA]; The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix [goid 6302] [pmid 10855792] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [evidence ISS]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 15215856] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [pmid 15215856] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation [goid 30968] [pmid 15215856] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon [goid 30970] [pmid 15215856] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a protein to a specific location [goid 45184] [pmid 15215856] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds [goid 103] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9771708] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems [goid 50428] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9214382] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7189] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15804] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9705290] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 9705290] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8938427] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10729163] [evidence TAS]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine [goid 1822] [pmid 16116425] [evidence IMP]; The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of renin substrate into mature angiotensin in the blood [goid 2003] [evidence IEA]; The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of renin substrate into mature angiotensin in the blood [goid 2003] [pmid 12045255] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood [goid 2016] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12045255] [evidence IDA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 7584914] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water [goid 42756] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade [goid 43408] [pmid 12045255] [evidence IDA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state [goid 48469] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence ISS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 12324477] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence ISS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 14556986] [evidence NAS]; The release of NF-kappaB from specific molecules in the cytoplasm to which it was bound, thereby allowing its translocation into the nucleus [goid 8588] [pmid 12324477] [evidence NAS]; An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution [goid 16064] [pmid 14556986] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation [goid 45579] [pmid 10809378] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade [goid 46330] [evidence ISS]"
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8500166] [evidence TAS]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [pmid 11153919] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10524249] [evidence TAS]; Any mechanism, at the level of transcription or post-transcription, causing long-term gene inactivation [goid 16458] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 10524249] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6426] [evidence IEA]; A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand [goid 45055] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism [goid 50690] [pmid 16103193] [evidence EXP]"
"The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7743525] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [pmid 1550553] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Lengthening of the distance between poles of the mitotic spindle [goid 22] [pmid 9885575] [evidence TAS]; A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 9885575] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 2334405] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 2334405] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 7663508] [evidence TAS]; The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges [goid 30070] [evidence IEA]"
The posttranslational sulfation of peptidyl-tyrosine residues to form peptidyl-O4'-sulfo-L-tyrosine [goid 6478] [pmid 9733778] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8981357] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8981357] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8981357] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]
The developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 902] [pmid 16684770] [evidence ISS]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [pmid 16684770] [evidence ISS]
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8770961] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the Malpighian tubule are generated and organized. This process takes place entirely during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut [goid 7443] [pmid 10652240] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 11069302] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 10793135] [evidence EXP]"
"The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 10352938] [evidence TAS]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 12077138] [evidence NAS]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 12077138] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 12077138] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 12077138] [evidence IDA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [evidence IEA]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [pmid 9119374] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9799612] [evidence NAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 10764729] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 14970183] [evidence ISS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9190] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9713990] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron [goid 48663] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42113] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6405] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 1874719] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1303238] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11406283] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 11406283] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11406283] [evidence NAS]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 11072084] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 11072084] [evidence NAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1311924] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 7537849] [evidence IPI]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 7559478] [evidence IPI]; A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 43491] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin-like growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48009] [pmid 7541045] [evidence IPI]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]"
"The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [evidence ISS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 1541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [evidence IEA]; The regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times [goid 19953] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus [goid 51591] [pmid 10381005] [evidence IEP]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9326583] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 9326583] [evidence TAS]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1890] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [pmid 10405341] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [pmid 12135483] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring [goid 1516] [pmid 10922363] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8114727] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9920759] [evidence TAS]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of copper ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6878] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42157] [evidence IEA]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 7670478] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events then required to return the rhodopsin containing cell to the unexcited state [goid 9586] [pmid 7670478] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon [goid 16056] [pmid 2550422] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9468509] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 2649253] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 2649253] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [pmid 14562105] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6867] [pmid 10823827] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6868] [pmid 10823827] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of L-alanine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15808] [pmid 10823827] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15817] [pmid 10823827] [evidence IDA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9829974] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number [goid 6265] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9628861] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9250612] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9250612] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism [goid 7506] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2475908] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 2915979] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17133345] [evidence EXP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7973639] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 7973639] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [pmid 9083101] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [pmid 11035016] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia [goid 31274] [pmid 11035016] [evidence IDA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein [goid 32020] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10648427] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10648427] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8552591] [evidence NAS]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 15107842] [evidence IMP]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 16420527] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 15107842] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 16510524] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 16420527] [evidence IMP]; A process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus [goid 34067] [pmid 16510524] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 16510524] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 16420527] [evidence IMP]"
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 9586636] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9586636] [evidence TAS]
"The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid [goid 6477] [pmid 12138164] [evidence IDA]; The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization [goid 15015] [pmid 12138164] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of virus particles into the cell [goid 46596] [pmid 12138164] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation [goid 50819] [pmid 12138164] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10848592] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 10848592] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase [goid 51000] [pmid 7544003] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism [goid 51712] [pmid 7544003] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase 2 [goid 51773] [pmid 7544003] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 15733851] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 6661] [pmid 9337861] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of choline into, out of, within or between cells. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [goid 15871] [pmid 10677542] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10713092] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9465049] [evidence TAS]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10607900] [evidence TAS]
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass [goid 1833] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point [goid 9798] [evidence IEA]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary [goid 32525] [evidence IEA]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary [goid 32525] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the tail are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The tail is the hindmost part of some animals [goid 35121] [evidence IEA]"
"The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation, it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine [goid 1514] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1508180] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1848370] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10942759] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 8209] [pmid 7650035] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15721] [pmid 8172617] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 2401405] [evidence NAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 2401405] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome [goid 7041] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy [goid 16242] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle [goid 33344] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [pmid 12719428] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 7093] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9885574] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by addition of acetyl groups [goid 16573] [pmid 10966108] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 9806903] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell [goid 42491] [evidence IEA]; Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed [goid 42668] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45665] [evidence IEA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state [goid 48469] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 9395] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [pmid 7668252] [evidence TAS];  [goid 15980] [pmid 7479827] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 9177283] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8127874] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 10793135] [evidence EXP]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2937147] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7643192] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles [goid 48193] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles [goid 48193] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 432] [pmid 7852331] [evidence IMP]; Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 432] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific gene or set of genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter [goid 10552] [pmid 8576131] [evidence IMP]; The last group of viral genes to be transcribed during the viral life cycle; genes consist mainly of those encoding structural proteins [goid 19086] [pmid 8576131] [evidence IC ]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of lipid within an organism or cell [goid 55088] [evidence ISS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 9804989] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15851] [pmid 10395795] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6066] [pmid 8890755] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8890755] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of phosphate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6817] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 2549515] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence NAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10662549] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 1559993] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 1351684] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 11085978] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 1396582] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 9332365] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9332365] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [pmid 3015590] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 10995567] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10995567] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [pmid 10995567] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 45930] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of copper ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6878] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms [goid 8535] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10545952] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation [goid 30279] [pmid 11181578] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [pmid 14633986] [evidence IDA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8566796] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8816758] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 8566796] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 8654360] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 3266596] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 8654360] [evidence TAS]"
"The acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins [goid 6474] [pmid 16507339] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triacylglycerols are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins [goid 6641] [pmid 9756920] [evidence TAS]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter [goid 6359] [pmid 9171375] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle [goid 30071] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7693129] [evidence TAS]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus [goid 7638] [evidence IEA]; The maintenance of junctions between cells [goid 45217] [evidence IEA]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 17647292] [evidence NAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism [goid 34101] [pmid 17647292] [evidence IMP]"
"Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell [goid 45197] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8508762] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8508762] [evidence TAS]"
The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [pmid 15602573] [evidence IEP]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [pmid 17618624] [evidence IEP]; The process by which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport from the trans-Golgi to the endosome [goid 48203] [pmid 15020712] [evidence IDA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8180375] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8145851] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of B cells, T cells, or natural killer cells [goid 30098] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 1323835] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8387522] [evidence TAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone [goid 30878] [evidence IEA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth [goid 35264] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7217] [pmid 10866201] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 10866201] [evidence TAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence NAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10332027] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30336] [evidence IEA]; The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround a cell [goid 45026] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1312667] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 7596437] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30336] [evidence IEA]; The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround a cell [goid 45026] [evidence IEA]"
"The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9599022] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 2598267] [evidence TAS]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; Progression through metaphase, the stage of mitosis at which chromosomes are firmly attached to the mitotic spindle at its equator but have not yet segregated to opposite poles [goid 89] [evidence IEA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization [goid 1556] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 8141249] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell [goid 1508] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9973380] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 45745] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [evidence IEA]; The initial attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the synaptic vesicle and the target membrane [goid 16081] [pmid 10610180] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11113131] [evidence TAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity [goid 7194] [pmid 9069281] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [pmid 9069281] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mevalonate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15728] [pmid 1429658] [evidence TAS]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell [goid 31122] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Progression through interphase, the stage of cell cycle between successive rounds of mitosis. Canonically, interphase is the stage of the cell cycle during which the biochemical and physiologic functions of the cell are performed and replication of chromatin occurs [goid 51329] [pmid 10751153] [evidence IMP]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10671517] [evidence TAS]; Oxidation of two organic sulfhydryl groups (thiols) by a disulfide compound to form a disulfide bond [goid 6467] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus [goid 9266] [pmid 10671517] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release [goid 51085] [pmid 11707400] [evidence IDA]; Oxidation of two organic sulfhydryl groups (thiols) by a disulfide compound to form a disulfide bond [goid 6467] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation [goid 30968] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine [goid 30212] [evidence IEA]; Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine [goid 30212] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 10347211] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 10347211] [evidence NAS]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization [goid 31115] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cell [goid 51272] [evidence IEA]; The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule [goid 7019] [pmid 9880330] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle [goid 7052] [pmid 9271428] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 2917975] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [pmid 8486699] [evidence NAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 8486699] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 8486699] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15721] [pmid 8486699] [evidence TAS]; Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine [goid 30299] [pmid 8486699] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [pmid 8486699] [evidence TAS]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 8486699] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 8486699] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 16126] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10611283] [evidence IDA]"
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of the covalent or non-covalent attachment of a palmitoyl moiety to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein [goid 60262] [evidence ISS]
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 10218481] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 1338909] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9164944] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8399143] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9164944] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9164944] [evidence TAS]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [evidence IEA]
"Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10408362] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody [goid 8228] [pmid 2477488] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 11551958] [evidence IMP]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]"
"A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells [goid 281] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The cell cycle process whereby the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs [goid 40001] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 45840] [pmid 12963707] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9812978] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 9812978] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose [goid 5989] [pmid 7708733] [evidence TAS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 7644538] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7644538] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7644538] [evidence TAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 7644538] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [pmid 11133996] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]"
"The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups [goid 16571] [pmid 15494416] [evidence IDA]; The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein [goid 18216] [pmid 15044439] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding [goid 43393] [pmid 15044439] [evidence IC ]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2843813] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 12721358] [evidence EXP]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8702974] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7601460] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]"
"In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase [goid 6284] [pmid 17611195] [evidence IDA]; In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts) [goid 6289] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 17611195] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids [goid 32074] [pmid 17611195] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 11160515] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44255] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51223] [pmid 16410077] [evidence IMP]"
"A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 8009371] [evidence TAS]; A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a male gamete over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 7286] [evidence IEA]; The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy) [goid 9566] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 16973] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 16973] [evidence IEA]"
"The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization [goid 15015] [pmid 9988767] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 11444853] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another [goid 6518] [pmid 9632644] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom [goid 6582] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine [goid 6583] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored [goid 32438] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH [goid 43438] [evidence IEA]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [pmid 8241273] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8661031] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 9685386] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 12727915] [evidence NAS]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 12727915] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 14737067] [evidence TAS]; The process of renal water excretion [goid 30146] [pmid 14737067] [evidence TAS]; The process of renal sodium excretion [goid 30147] [pmid 14960748] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 12727915] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 42312] [pmid 7601467] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid [goid 43114] [pmid 14737067] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels [goid 50880] [evidence IEA]"
"The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein [goid 1934] [pmid 18467591] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 18467591] [evidence IDA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [evidence ISS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8004088] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10648831] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43124] [pmid 11463333] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [pmid 12154091] [evidence TAS]; Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids [goid 16264] [pmid 12154091] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10488123] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline [goid 18101] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed [goid 7501] [pmid 9020840] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis [goid 8632] [evidence IEA]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10625660] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [pmid 9119374] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6525] [pmid 11001920] [evidence NAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [pmid 10958694] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium) [goid 30902] [pmid 16682973] [evidence ISS]; The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear [goid 30916] [pmid 16682973] [evidence ISS]; Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve [goid 42462] [pmid 16682973] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephros is the first of the embryonic kidneys to be established and is the simplest vertebrate excretory organ [goid 48793] [pmid 16682973] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9556563] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9556563] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 10779557] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8164657] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9813014] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids [goid 19216] [pmid 12040021] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 43388] [pmid 10567391] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium [goid 45446] [pmid 12040021] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [pmid 17018531] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoids [goid 19747] [pmid 15110773] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells [goid 32367] [pmid 17018531] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [pmid 12719428] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 46836] [pmid 17018531] [evidence TAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [pmid 8225386] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [pmid 162484] [evidence EXP]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process by which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA [goid 6353] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA];  [goid 6361] [pmid 9582279] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 1328219] [evidence TAS]; The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes [goid 7617] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The type of sexual cycle seen in female mammals, with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years [goid 42698] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9794794] [evidence TAS]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9419374] [evidence TAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 10523320] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring [goid 1516] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue [goid 46903] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue [goid 46903] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 9789007] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 9789007] [evidence TAS]"
"A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 2848318] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways [goid 42554] [pmid 7938008] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 7938008] [evidence TAS]; A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals [goid 45730] [pmid 7938008] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome [goid 15074] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation [goid 45598] [pmid 14580349] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 14580349] [evidence IDA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12524539] [evidence TAS]; The proteolytic degradation of lamins during apoptosis, leading to the irreversible breakdown of the nuclear lamina [goid 6922] [pmid 11331782] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 12524539] [evidence TAS]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 10438470] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10438470] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 15883184] [evidence NAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 14988002] [evidence IDA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 14988002] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 17560175] [evidence IEP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB [goid 32088] [pmid 18045535] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair [goid 45738] [pmid 17049931] [evidence IMP]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7206] [pmid 9808459] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9808458] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 2115402] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10843803] [evidence NAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1648701] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord [goid 48318] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube [goid 48339] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 6434876] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 6434876] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2072910] [evidence TAS]
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 9880541] [evidence IMP]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9880541] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8015377] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome [goid 15074] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome [goid 15074] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 16611985] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution [goid 16064] [evidence IEA]; The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 32613] [evidence IEA]; The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 32615] [evidence IEA]; The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation [goid 42100] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 16611985] [evidence NAS]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 1885] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8035792] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8035792] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10409432] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [pmid 9447985] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 86] [pmid 7590285] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 10101292] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 11583995] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 10893263] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances in synaptic membrane-bounded vesicles within the neuron along the cytoskeleton either toward or away from the neuronal cell body [goid 48489] [pmid 11583995] [evidence NAS]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 2461352] [evidence NAS]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7158] [pmid 14571131] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 15106122] [evidence IMP]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 15106122] [evidence TAS]; The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle [goid 7413] [pmid 15106122] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45665] [pmid 14571131] [evidence IMP]; A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers [goid 48167] [pmid 15106122] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6435] [pmid 2033077] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9092545] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7851406] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10662544] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10662544] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7959734] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 16433694] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6754] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [pmid 12414817] [evidence IMP]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 12414817] [evidence IMP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 9916796] [evidence IMP]; The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from a source such as ATP hydrolysis, light, or electron transport [goid 15988] [evidence IEA]"
The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence NAS]; The modification of a protein amino acid by polyamination [goid 18184] [evidence NAS]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8629] [pmid 11435439] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones [goid 6700] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 1765375] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 15726626] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]"
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups [goid 6596] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7527372] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 7702631] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein [goid 6626] [pmid 10339406] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9045873] [evidence TAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 9045873] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7939629] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 9045873] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 10871856] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The developmental process by which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 902] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9410473] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 3353370] [evidence TAS]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [pmid 12855810] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation [goid 30193] [pmid 12855810] [evidence TAS]; An ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots [goid 42730] [pmid 12855810] [evidence IDA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8015608] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the oesophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax [goid 30324] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form [goid 31638] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of branches in a tube are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A tube is a long hollow cylinder [goid 48754] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1627333] [evidence TAS]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9792649] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9792649] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 10623608] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 10623608] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6824] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [pmid 9241278] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [pmid 9039914] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12621555] [evidence IEP]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 10066790] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings [goid 8038] [pmid 10380929] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9662444] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6527] [pmid 9874257] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO) [goid 7263] [pmid 9874257] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 15150265] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 15150265] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [pmid 15150265] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays [goid 10212] [pmid 15150265] [evidence IDA]; The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 30010] [evidence IEA]; The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 30010] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence ISS]; A cell cycle checkpoint that blocks cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase in response to DNA damage [goid 31572] [pmid 15150265] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9857044] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 10049581] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9721204] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 16354670] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome [goid 7041] [pmid 16354670] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [pmid 16354670] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9989503] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9989503] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 10597290] [evidence TAS]"
"A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the univalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A [goid 6104] [pmid 9765291] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9642106] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9642106] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9442393] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 9442393] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 2436037] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that acts during a mitotic cell cycle to ensure accurate chromosome segregation by preventing entry into mitosis in the presence of damaged DNA [goid 7095] [pmid 1312467] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 9271077] [evidence TAS]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 9271077] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7829091] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7829091] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system [goid 1841] [evidence IEA]; The characteristic morphogenetic movements where the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceeding their future integration [goid 1947] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened [goid 7224] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation [goid 9953] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage. For example a finger or toe [goid 42733] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 45862] [evidence IEA]"
"The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins [goid 184] [evidence IEA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 9580558] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9580558] [evidence TAS]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 8599929] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 8822211] [evidence ND ]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [pmid 12849978] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9166] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids [goid 46108] [pmid 11278417] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation [goid 50819] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation [goid 50819] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9012850] [evidence TAS]; The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm [goid 42745] [evidence IEA]; The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle [goid 45475] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9576906] [evidence IGI]; Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism [goid 48511] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9223106] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7158] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9223106] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience [goid 7612] [evidence IEA]; A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers [goid 48167] [evidence IEA]"
Any biological process in an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours [goid 7623] [pmid 10640688] [evidence TAS]
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10099934] [evidence TAS]; Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 10099934] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10099934] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 1568] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1890] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15936] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7520042] [evidence TAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2708524] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9845349] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7970727] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 9520419] [evidence TAS]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [pmid 8798399] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-phosphohistidine, tele-phosphohistidine) or peptidyl-3'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-phosphohistidine, pros-phosphohistidine) [goid 18106] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals [goid 31098] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1713685] [evidence TAS]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9736772] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 9418870] [evidence TAS]"
Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via a DNA intermediate [goid 6313] [evidence IEA]
"The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10393421] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10393421] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [pmid 11466562] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid [goid 6529] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [pmid 7651387] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 7651387] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion [goid 43681] [pmid 14557246] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9052839] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 8994832] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 9114039] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6754] [pmid 12851387] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10642534] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of aspartate, the anion of aspartic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15810] [pmid 11566871] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [pmid 11566871] [evidence IDA]; The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle [goid 43490] [pmid 11566871] [evidence IDA]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration) [goid 45333] [pmid 12851387] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [pmid 11566871] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A [goid 42573] [pmid 11007799] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A [goid 42574] [pmid 11007799] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 15498789] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 7346] [pmid 15498789] [evidence TAS]"
"A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10455180] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The conversion of N-linked glycan structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking [goid 6491] [pmid 10024668] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 3755548] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes [goid 7379] [pmid 7715727] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form [goid 10468] [pmid 17420273] [evidence IMP]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells [goid 48146] [pmid 17420273] [evidence IMP]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 9878253] [evidence TAS]
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8996089] [evidence TAS]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 11782478] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9079689] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9576906] [evidence IGI]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9000051] [evidence IGI]"
"A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state [goid 1955] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2834383] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10934474] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 14676191] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [pmid 11260256] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 14676191] [evidence TAS]; The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity [goid 8356] [pmid 10934474] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9245480] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9245480] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence ISS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9832420] [evidence TAS];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9774341] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 8922383] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9830016] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2293021] [evidence NAS]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [pmid 8425612] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7908405] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9892014] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin [goid 50796] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 12853976] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10871863] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IDA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10871863] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 15131260] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 45736] [pmid 12853976] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 10338135] [evidence TAS]; The process by which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes, mediated by microtubules that grow between molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces [goid 6903] [pmid 10338135] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [pmid 10501970] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9052782] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 9052782] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 10581175] [evidence TAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9662332] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9662332] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate [goid 51216] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 1896467] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 10518561] [evidence TAS]; The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [pmid 10518561] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10518561] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 6071] [pmid 10777520] [evidence IGI]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [pmid 10777520] [evidence IGI]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 1634504] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of fructose into, out of, within or between cells. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey [goid 15755] [pmid 1634504] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 1695905] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 1768865] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]"
"A point in the eukaryotic cell cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 75] [pmid 8626390] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 11818576] [evidence IMP]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex [goid 43248] [pmid 16990800] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8781233] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8781233] [evidence TAS]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9383053] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by removal of methyl groups [goid 16577] [pmid 16024779] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10660600] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10660600] [evidence IDA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 50794] [evidence ISS]"
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 6400] [pmid 10983981] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone [goid 8334] [pmid 9154801] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Branching of the ureteric bud [goid 1658] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a compound containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid [goid 9247] [pmid 10506200] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8392914] [evidence TAS]; The reactivation of a virus from a latent to a lytic state [goid 19046] [evidence IEA]; The reactivation of a virus from a latent to a lytic state [goid 19046] [pmid 10675337] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly [goid 43254] [pmid 10675337] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 12670868] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45787] [pmid 10623756] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]; The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix [goid 6302] [pmid 8131753] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV [goid 9650] [pmid 8007985] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 8798464] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8105537] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11050005] [evidence IC ]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10049768] [evidence TAS]"
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 6400] [pmid 12403464] [evidence IDA]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 12617161] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment [goid 9267] [pmid 16245148] [evidence IDA]; The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in the host organism by a symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction [goid 19836] [pmid 16394536] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 16153637] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes, by a mechanism other than apoptosis [goid 43072] [pmid 14726550] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which a mitochondrion is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere [goid 51659] [pmid 16153637] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine [goid 6729] [pmid 1883349] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water [goid 6809] [pmid 15197144] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 1883349] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 9174053] [evidence IMP]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 11121404] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 9053841] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional ribosome [goid 42256] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8405995] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8405995] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [pmid 12862317] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12862317] [evidence IEP]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits [goid 42255] [pmid 12862317] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9582072] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 11998687] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9525886] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7202] [pmid 9804623] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 9804623] [evidence TAS]"
"The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom [goid 6479] [pmid 9545638] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9545638] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6519] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid [goid 6559] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid [goid 6572] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome using signals contained within the protein [goid 6625] [pmid 1703535] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH [goid 46487] [pmid 3709805] [evidence IMP]; The regulated release of oxalic acid, ethanedioic acid, by a cell or group of cells [goid 46724] [evidence IEA]"
"The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins [goid 184] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9405447] [evidence TAS]"
"The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis [goid 6911] [pmid 10879688] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10879688] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 9144159] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex [goid 30217] [pmid 11809807] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43124] [pmid 11809807] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 11809807] [evidence NAS]"
"Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 8805275] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation [goid 6984] [pmid 16278681] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 16278681] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7528] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]; Grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response [goid 43113] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity [goid 43507] [pmid 8805275] [evidence IMP]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 8805275] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 8833160] [evidence NAS]; A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 6706] [pmid 17067289] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 7925411] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 10217480] [evidence NAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 14752512] [evidence IDA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 14512969] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells [goid 32387] [pmid 14752512] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [pmid 10660625] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [pmid 15291761] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III [goid 6122] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination [goid 6449] [pmid 7990965] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2037591] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11252894] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage [goid 48268] [evidence IEA]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 10436022] [evidence IDA]; The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage [goid 48268] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 8530083] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 11093761] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 8896567] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 1349532] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7191] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8243272] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10888875] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10888875] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [evidence ISS]; A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [pmid 14594945] [evidence IEP]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 14594945] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 14594945] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes [goid 43068] [pmid 15009667] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation [goid 45916] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 6702] [pmid 9188497] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 6710] [pmid 9188497] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development [goid 16322] [pmid 12351724] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 16601] [pmid 12351724] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7970704] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7970704] [evidence TAS]
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 10523320] [evidence TAS]"
"Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome [goid 389] [pmid 15647371] [evidence TAS]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 10882114] [evidence IDA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 9875854] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9990853] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9990853] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [pmid 12037571] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 12037571] [evidence IDA]"
"The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 8885239] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron [goid 50770] [pmid 14595443] [evidence IDA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9560156] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple moieties, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein [goid 42787] [pmid 17097639] [evidence IDA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 9642292] [evidence IDA]"
"The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6408] [pmid 7651522] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6408] [pmid 7651522] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 7651522] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 46833] [pmid 7651522] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 9839820] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 9839820] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid [goid 6533] [pmid 2241899] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms [goid 32869] [pmid 8396422] [evidence IEP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects [goid 51384] [pmid 8396422] [evidence IEP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed [goid 7500] [pmid 8940147] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8702718] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 9422764] [evidence IEP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 9733768] [evidence TAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 8666233] [evidence TAS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 8666233] [evidence TAS]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7878053] [evidence TAS]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 10671229] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10671229] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [goid 7271] [pmid 11350119] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [pmid 11350119] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9126485] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9126485] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles [goid 6892] [pmid 9378760] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 15621726] [evidence EXP]"
"The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9252393] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence IEA]"
"Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 12019269] [evidence NAS]; The release of NF-kappaB from specific molecules in the cytoplasm to which it was bound, thereby allowing its translocation into the nucleus [goid 8588] [pmid 12019269] [evidence IDA]; The release of NF-kappaB from specific molecules in the cytoplasm to which it was bound, thereby allowing its translocation into the nucleus [goid 8588] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues [goid 31953] [pmid 16203735] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43124] [pmid 16203735] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-18 [goid 45381] [pmid 12019269] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6 [goid 45409] [pmid 16203735] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway [goid 45751] [pmid 16203735] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 from a cell or group of cells [goid 50711] [pmid 16203735] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells [goid 50718] [pmid 12019269] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response [goid 50729] [pmid 12019269] [evidence NAS]"
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9275185] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9275185] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9275185] [evidence IDA]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 9275185] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9445480] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 9537424] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [pmid 9537424] [evidence TAS]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus [goid 7638] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [pmid 7514426] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7514426] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 1530946] [evidence NAS]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]"
"The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) [goid 6307] [pmid 8600462] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine [goid 1822] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 7555706] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7555706] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of global transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45817] [pmid 12169688] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9479505] [evidence TAS]"
"The process by which a virus reproduces. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle [goid 16032] [pmid 7540613] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 8943006] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine [goid 18242] [pmid 9295285] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine [goid 18243] [pmid 9295285] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9628874] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 1696265] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 7715640] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7715640] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [pmid 7715640] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids [goid 16264] [pmid 15709751] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 8405411] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 1346068] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 1346068] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 1346068] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9886848] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein [goid 6626] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 9731230] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The import of proteins into the mitochondria inner membrane. Inner membrane proteins are first imported into the matrix space where the matrix-targeting sequence is removed; how these proteins then are incorporated into the inner membrane is not known [goid 45039] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 3863106] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 11435435] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation [goid 45617] [pmid 11435435] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase [goid 6003] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase [goid 6003] [pmid 2837207] [evidence IDA]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [pmid 12379646] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [pmid 12379646] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 12721358] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9786912] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9786912] [evidence IMP]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9786912] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 7546737] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7546737] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 7546737] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7528] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junctions [goid 8582] [evidence IEA]; Grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response [goid 43113] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8163513] [evidence TAS]; The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 8163513] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence NAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length [goid 6939] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [pmid 1370155] [evidence NAS]; The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood [goid 30252] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9680295] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 9245688] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 9680295] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [pmid 1540659] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [pmid 11747442] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30185] [pmid 8292032] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide [goid 45429] [pmid 7965120] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the size of blood vessels [goid 50880] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 9580669] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV [goid 9650] [pmid 9580669] [evidence TAS]"
"The process by which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube [goid 2009] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of a substance by a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue [goid 46903] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species [goid 6801] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions involving hydrogen peroxide [goid 10310] [pmid 16636067] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals [goid 60263] [pmid 16636067] [evidence IMP]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10656685] [evidence TAS]; Formation of a microspike, a thin, stiff projection extended from the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30035] [pmid 12356918] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 16807302] [evidence NAS]; Establishment and maturation of focal adhesions, complexes of intracellular signaling and structural proteins which provide a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity [goid 48041] [pmid 16807302] [evidence IMP]; The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits [goid 51289] [pmid 9501083] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 15705585] [evidence IDA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 15705585] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB [goid 51092] [pmid 15705585] [evidence IDA]"
"A signal transduction based surveillance mechanism that prevents the initiation of mitosis until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome [goid 76] [pmid 9566895] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 9566895] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Passage through a cell cycle control point late in G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase; in most organisms studied, including budding yeast and animal cells, passage through start normally commits the cell to progressing through the entire cell cycle [goid 7089] [pmid 9566895] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 8156] [pmid 9566895] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9566895] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10075682] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10329005] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience [goid 7612] [evidence IEA]; The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy) [goid 9566] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 46822] [pmid 12730363] [evidence NAS]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 10617617] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10617617] [evidence TAS]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 10617617] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9538874] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10329014] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 9538874] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid [goid 6538] [pmid 6121377] [evidence IDA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 15609325] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9192897] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9192897] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9233607] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9233607] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [pmid 9233607] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 8389704] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8389704] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8389704] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9181134] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8389704] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 12930796] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 9571181] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7581459] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV [goid 9650] [pmid 7581459] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1309505] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 1309505] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8827452] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 8268908] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9086] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9086] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9086] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 7647779] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7647779] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9086] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 15680911] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [pmid 15680911] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell [goid 35315] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair [goid 42640] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation [goid 45580] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus [goid 50777] [pmid 12915442] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 45861] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8622651] [evidence IDA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [pmid 9916847] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization [goid 30501] [pmid 18436533] [evidence IMP]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 15621726] [evidence EXP]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 18436533] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway [goid 32927] [pmid 8622651] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 8622651] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation [goid 45669] [pmid 18436533] [evidence IMP]"
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10499587] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10499587] [evidence TAS]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 10499587] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11980563] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 11980563] [evidence NAS]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [pmid 11980563] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a steroid hormone binding to its receptor [goid 30518] [pmid 11980563] [evidence NAS]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8266078] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8266076] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells [goid 32831] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 6262916] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template [goid 9303] [evidence IEA]"
"Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain [goid 209] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell [goid 6930] [pmid 7490284] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein [goid 6626] [pmid 11181170] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial membrane, the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion [goid 7006] [pmid 11181170] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence ISS]; Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment [goid 8053] [pmid 11181170] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction [goid 46580] [pmid 15322553] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation [goid 48662] [evidence ISS]; Any process by which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell [goid 51646] [pmid 11181170] [evidence IDA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 3110598] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell [goid 42491] [evidence IEA]"
"The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom [goid 6479] [pmid 10075673] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid [goid 50666] [pmid 10075673] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9344646] [evidence NAS]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9974389] [evidence TAS]
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 8530069] [evidence TAS]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells [goid 9306] [pmid 7590735] [evidence TAS]
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 8290962] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein [goid 1932] [evidence IEA]; A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9856955] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9121776] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 10708573] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 8522988] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8522988] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 9888] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid [goid 105] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9086] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 6402] [pmid 7892223] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9083] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6200] [pmid 12539966] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 42776] [pmid 12539966] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus [goid 46688] [pmid 12539966] [evidence NAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2849458] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 16051] [evidence ISS]"
"Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates [goid 7164] [pmid 8626800] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine phosphatase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7185] [pmid 8643598] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10381623] [evidence TAS]; The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis [goid 8632] [pmid 7478623] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9473515] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9473515] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate moiety, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain [goid 6505] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of myo-inositol into, out of, within or between cells. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms [goid 15798] [evidence ISS]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 1846368] [evidence EXP]"
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 9332382] [evidence IDA]
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 8530103] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8812426] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of, within or between cells. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane [goid 6844] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of, within or between cells. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane [goid 6844] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater [goid 38] [pmid 16940157] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, aliphatic compounds having a terminal carboxyl group and with a chain length of C12-18 [goid 1676] [pmid 16940157] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [pmid 16940157] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [pmid 10944470] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6707] [pmid 9395444] [evidence IC ]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 9395444] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]"
"Process by which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the plasma membrane [goid 7016] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 15494027] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 11907066] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9168] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through S phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which DNA synthesis takes place [goid 84] [pmid 9506968] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands [goid 6261] [pmid 9506968] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9506968] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 8325635] [evidence NAS]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [pmid 10510474] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The cleavage of proteins, usually near the N terminus, during the process of import into the mitochondrion; several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments [goid 6627] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 14976552] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 14575707] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose [goid 42149] [pmid 14575707] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 15345718] [evidence IDA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [pmid 8408219] [evidence TAS]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 8408219] [evidence TAS]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7912851] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 7912851] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8841196] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 15609325] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium [goid 43542] [pmid 15313892] [evidence IMP]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group [goid 6779] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10698692] [evidence TAS]"
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]
Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48012] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 15314156] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9887343] [evidence TAS]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants [goid 6701] [pmid 14557487] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10484773] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10484773] [evidence TAS]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 6785294] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6423] [evidence IEA]"
"Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8058765] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9724754] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 10805787] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 1920536] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 1381835] [evidence TAS]"
"Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state [goid 43249] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein [goid 1932] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience [goid 7612] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein [goid 1932] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience [goid 7612] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another [goid 6518] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 2357221] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another [goid 6518] [pmid 7999037] [evidence NAS]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [pmid 7487104] [evidence TAS]; The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [pmid 9399589] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 3398923] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine [goid 6583] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring during development [goid 48066] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [pmid 1377680] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence IEA]"
"Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 11201742] [evidence NAS]"
"Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome [goid 6376] [evidence ISS]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 8948631] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]; The process by which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and occurs through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA of both host genes and transgenes [goid 16246] [pmid 10893231] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [pmid 8106516] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine [goid 9113] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [evidence IEA]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 10644451] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 10644451] [evidence TAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6436] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6436] [pmid 1761529] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 1761529] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10642400] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 10642400] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction [goid 6942] [pmid 10642400] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [evidence ISS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 30641] [evidence ISS]"