"The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P [goid 6488] [pmid 12684507] [evidence IGI]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 16957052] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid in the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 33577] [pmid 12684507] [evidence IGI]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [pmid 17196169] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [pmid 12445460] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6427] [evidence IEA]"
"In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase [goid 6284] [pmid 9489705] [evidence TAS]; A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar [goid 45008] [pmid 11937636] [evidence EXP]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar [goid 45008] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10096039] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of a fluid by a cell or group of cells in a multicellular organism [goid 7589] [pmid 4035357] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8389448] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey [goid 6000] [pmid 2825199] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [pmid 2825199] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 8598869] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [evidence IEA]; The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs [goid 7567] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk [goid 30879] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8003671] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8003671] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus [goid 51457] [pmid 15870280] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 7907794] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7907794] [evidence TAS]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina [goid 2088] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 2584203] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [pmid 10548543] [evidence NAS]; The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron [goid 7405] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10509013] [evidence IDA]
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 3891272] [evidence TAS]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 3313057] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8493579] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 8493579] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7739752] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein by altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation [goid 31647] [pmid 15145941] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms [goid 6636] [pmid 9867867] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9721848] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage [goid 30225] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity [goid 42089] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 7929060] [evidence TAS]
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9190] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 6182] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 12547834] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 12727915] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 14737067] [evidence TAS]; The process of renal water excretion [goid 30146] [pmid 14737067] [evidence TAS]; The process of renal sodium excretion [goid 30147] [pmid 14960748] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 12727915] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of increases in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 42312] [pmid 7601467] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid [goid 43114] [pmid 14737067] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10512676] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 10512676] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9850061] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 9861027] [evidence TAS]"
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
"The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 14871887] [evidence ISS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; A signal transduction-based surveillance mechanism that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 7093] [pmid 15824131] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence ISS]"
"A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10209101] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 10097140] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins [goid 45103] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 11814695] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
"Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]"
"A point in the eukaryotic cell cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 75] [evidence IEA]; A signal transduction based surveillance mechanism that prevents the initiation of mitosis until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome [goid 76] [pmid 8943031] [evidence TAS]; A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds [goid 77] [pmid 8943031] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 8943031] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic cations into, out of, within or between cells. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15695] [pmid 10072596] [evidence NAS]"
"A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, through the nuclear pore and across the nuclear envelope [goid 60] [pmid 9144189] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins [goid 45104] [pmid 9171831] [evidence IMP]"
"The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10377394] [evidence NAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 10051678] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9062191] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9062191] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 15383453] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9062191] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell [goid 22409] [pmid 15383453] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation [goid 50870] [pmid 15383453] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds [goid 8615] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]; The process by which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier [goid 42552] [pmid 15998640] [evidence NAS]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits [goid 51262] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7544782] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9700206] [evidence IDA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9150167] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 11081504] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42102] [pmid 15207081] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma [goid 45078] [pmid 15765404] [evidence NAS]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state [goid 48469] [pmid 14635054] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9872316] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity [goid 7194] [pmid 10328880] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9872316] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9525924] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7159] [pmid 11698403] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate [goid 19673] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271) [goid 42351] [pmid 11698403] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate [goid 19673] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization [goid 31116] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [pmid 12427559] [evidence ISS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8302582] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 3194393] [evidence TAS]"
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion [goid 43681] [pmid 14557246] [evidence IDA]
"The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10748158] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10748158] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 10873601] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9843955] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9843955] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7721093] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings [goid 8038] [pmid 7891157] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 15528406] [evidence IDA];  [goid 6788] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 10431838] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 45806] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 45806] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 45806] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 45806] [evidence IEA]"
"The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom [goid 6482] [pmid 10318862] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 1867] [pmid 11532276] [evidence EXP]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7159] [pmid 11698403] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative [goid 9225] [pmid 9525924] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271) [goid 42351] [pmid 11698403] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects [goid 8211] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44255] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 50810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones [goid 6700] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects [goid 8211] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44255] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 50810] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size [goid 40018] [evidence IEA]; Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors [goid 50885] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [evidence IEA]"
"An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin [goid 42088] [pmid 10023777] [evidence IDA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 9696811] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9696811] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9696811] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 7539424] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9856482] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus [goid 9642] [pmid 9856482] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8845167] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7842011] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9514906] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9514906] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9514906] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17133345] [evidence EXP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 2833704] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2123466] [evidence TAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis [goid 17157] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [pmid 7787243] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8639829] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 1386162] [evidence TAS]; Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism [goid 48511] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [pmid 15632147] [evidence IDA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 7961877] [evidence TAS]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 10391245] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 10391245] [evidence TAS]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 10391245] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1482686] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm [goid 45] [evidence ISS]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence ISS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence ISS]"
"Addition of multiple ubiquitin moieties to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain [goid 209] [pmid 16275645] [evidence IDA]; Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [pmid 16275645] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 16275645] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 10531035] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin moieties to a protein [goid 31398] [pmid 16275645] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8280052] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 8839867] [evidence TAS]"
"Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 45859] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11395482] [evidence TAS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 11395482] [evidence IDA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 2440675] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9020069] [evidence TAS]"
"A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 9582122] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide [goid 6516] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide [goid 6516] [pmid 15358861] [evidence IDA]"
"The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation [goid 9953] [evidence IEA]"
"Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30031] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 1322908] [evidence NAS]; Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30031] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [pmid 1322908] [evidence TAS]"
"The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 3260773] [evidence NAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 3260773] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 7665596] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 15824735] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 8602223] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 9858594] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]"
"The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine also occurs; this modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification [goid 18279] [pmid 12887896] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 8872460] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8872460] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 14766760] [evidence IMP]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [pmid 11034606] [evidence ISS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine [goid 18107] [pmid 11034606] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity [goid 43508] [evidence ISS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 11504738] [evidence NAS]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 11504738] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 11504738] [evidence NAS]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [pmid 11504738] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 11504738] [evidence NAS]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 1648725] [evidence TAS]
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity [goid 7194] [pmid 8840013] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8840013] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 16126] [pmid 9286711] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 8550619] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2145578] [evidence IC ]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 2145578] [evidence IDA]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 2145578] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte [goid 30219] [pmid 2145578] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine [goid 33138] [pmid 7508917] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade [goid 43410] [pmid 7508917] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [pmid 1828438] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 7508917] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells [goid 46888] [pmid 7867561] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [pmid 7508917] [evidence IDA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 8855282] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10491763] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues [goid 7492] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment [goid 1708] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9214393] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened [goid 7224] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibres or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 7520] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the embryonic soma are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 10172] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9144227] [evidence TAS]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 16556] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11543634] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence NAS]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 15621726] [evidence EXP]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 9215637] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 9215637] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 8789438] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]"
"The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P [goid 9052] [evidence IEA]; The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P [goid 9052] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus [goid 32526] [pmid 17538076] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 9405466] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 9405466] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 8524242] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 8524242] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 8524242] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9030741] [evidence TAS]"
"A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 12706874] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11593398] [evidence IDA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 7615546] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [pmid 7615546] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8502479] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8502479] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8502479] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 3476934] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 17148] [pmid 9891060] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42035] [pmid 9891060] [evidence IC ]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11013082] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [pmid 9030581] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9030581] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 9030581] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 15799966] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB [goid 32088] [pmid 15799966] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 33209] [pmid 15799966] [evidence IDA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 16378748] [evidence IDA]"
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10508519] [evidence TAS]; Formation of the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils [goid 30240] [pmid 11333380] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibres are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast [goid 48741] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 1851123] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1892] [evidence IEA]; Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1893] [evidence IEA]; The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field [goid 45165] [evidence IEA]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 2482295] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions via a voltage-gated calcium channel [goid 51925] [pmid 11880487] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism [goid 50690] [pmid 16103193] [evidence EXP]; Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism [goid 50690] [pmid 11285224] [evidence EXP]"
"The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein [goid 1932] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1832337] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6027] [pmid 9712871] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [pmid 7713909] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 7713909] [evidence IDA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]"
"The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane [goid 6614] [evidence IEA]; The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane [goid 6614] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [evidence ISS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response [goid 50729] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm [goid 1824] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence ISS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence ISS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The replacement, within chromatin, of resident histones or histone subunits with alternative, sometimes variant, histones or subunits [goid 43486] [evidence ISS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42135] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9280290] [evidence NAS]
"The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [pmid 8360491] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8360491] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1530647] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7818494] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8450977] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 7818494] [evidence TAS]"
"A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. In Deuterostomes the initial blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth forms second [goid 1702] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [pmid 12244100] [evidence TAS]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8898719] [evidence TAS]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction [goid 6937] [pmid 3336363] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 8205619] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence IEA]"
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 11976265] [evidence IC ]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9096354] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template [goid 42790] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity [goid 7131] [pmid 12606021] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9813070] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 11112355] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 11112355] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 14632196] [evidence IDA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases [goid 7039] [pmid 2920728] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence NAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51302] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents [goid 46834] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10949025] [evidence IDA]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 9590] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively [goid 42472] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes [goid 1889] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence ISS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10103005] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10103005] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 18458941] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 11025659] [evidence NAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 12724311] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [pmid 12724311] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 18458941] [evidence IDA]; The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change [goid 7231] [pmid 12724311] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus [goid 9612] [pmid 15753126] [evidence TAS]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 10770925] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9780207] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10770925] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10201901] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7916328] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10677483] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10749877] [evidence NAS]; The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain) [goid 6509] [pmid 10591213] [evidence IDA]; The regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells [goid 9306] [pmid 10677483] [evidence TAS]; The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone [goid 16486] [pmid 10749877] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid [goid 42985] [pmid 12801932] [evidence IMP]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain) [goid 6509] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid [goid 42985] [evidence ISS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain) [goid 6509] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid [goid 42985] [evidence ISS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species [goid 6801] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine [goid 6684] [pmid 12671034] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine [goid 6684] [pmid 12885774] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 8156] [pmid 12671034] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 12671034] [evidence IDA]"
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 9712829] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [pmid 9712829] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7557990] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement into, out of or within the cell of urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, produced in the liver via the ornithine-urea cycle [goid 15840] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement into, out of or within the cell of urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, produced in the liver via the ornithine-urea cycle [goid 15840] [pmid 8647271] [evidence TAS]"
" [goid 7182] [evidence IEA];  [goid 7184] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10861057] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9151897] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10861057] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9743322] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9151897] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9381181] [evidence TAS]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 8552586] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7189] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7920658] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 7920658] [evidence TAS]; Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism [goid 40012] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size [goid 40018] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue [goid 30282] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food [goid 42476] [evidence NAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA];  [goid 15976] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 10531035] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 6665] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide [goid 6687] [pmid 1454804] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [pmid 1454804] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8726462] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8386829] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 48705] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft [goid 1504] [pmid 8647279] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7521911] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [pmid 7521911] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 16289705] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9408] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9408] [pmid 12499492] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus [goid 9749] [evidence ISS]; The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system [goid 14003] [pmid 15217090] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals [goid 43434] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 51716] [pmid 8626696] [evidence IDA]"
"The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 7559564] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 7559564] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism [goid 9607] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9092576] [evidence TAS]
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 8486360] [evidence NAS]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, requiring the presence of calcium ions [goid 17156] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9885218] [evidence TAS]; The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [pmid 9885218] [evidence TAS]; The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [pmid 9885218] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 7619526] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7619526] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse [goid 7274] [pmid 9221765] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7528] [pmid 9221765] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [pmid 9221765] [evidence IMP]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 1541] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants [goid 6701] [pmid 14557487] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8220432] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 14557487] [evidence IEP]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence NAS]; Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction [goid 7292] [pmid 8220432] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 8220432] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules [goid 60011] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12888622] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1373520] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of a protein, particularly secretory proteins and proteins targeted for membranes or specific cellular locations [goid 16485] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 8579579] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 1733949] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 7982964] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 1733949] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein [goid 16570] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein [goid 16570] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues [goid 1574] [pmid 9822625] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9822625] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport [goid 42147] [pmid 11102511] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 1972707] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 1972707] [evidence TAS]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 12943237] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 11904290] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 12943237] [evidence IMP]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of, within or between cells. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6 [goid 15760] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 8248209] [evidence NAS]; The cell cycle process whereby a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type [goid 7099] [pmid 12176356] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells [goid 32465] [pmid 16760425] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45947] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm [goid 45] [pmid 15755735] [evidence IMP]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8144591] [evidence TAS]
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [evidence IEA]
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30335] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 15385555] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [pmid 9708732] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9618168] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10358138] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9419371] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s) [goid 16553] [pmid 9020165] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8824284] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8062391] [evidence IDA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8364206] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 8975699] [evidence TAS]
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [pmid 10430867] [evidence IMP]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10611343] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10611343] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10611343] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10611343] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]"
"The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria [goid 6613] [pmid 8050590] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 10437777] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 7633416] [evidence TAS]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [evidence IEA]"
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence NAS]
"Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine [goid 1822] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development [goid 9791] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and occurs through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA of both host genes and transgenes [goid 16246] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10764806] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight [goid 1654] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; Progression through prophase of meiosis I; divided into several stages [goid 7128] [pmid 15944401] [evidence IC ]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9315633] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9786932] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution [goid 16064] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families [goid 45351] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5980] [evidence IEA]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [pmid 8211187] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triacylglycerols are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins [goid 6641] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of, within or between cells. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6 [goid 15760] [evidence IEA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth [goid 35264] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [pmid 8211187] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals [goid 46415] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6 [goid 51156] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7851889] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 12560508] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 2467293] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2785715] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [pmid 7736574] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level [goid 45885] [pmid 7736574] [evidence IDA]"
"The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway [goid 30512] [evidence IEA]"
"Branching of the ureteric bud [goid 1658] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30511] [evidence IEA]"
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9989271] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline [goid 6656] [pmid 9989271] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9989271] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10932188] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [evidence ISS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 12885915] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 10413680] [evidence NAS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 7721854] [evidence NAS]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9756912] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9013868] [evidence TAS]"
"The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase [goid 6354] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [pmid 1057175] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization [goid 31116] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization [goid 31116] [pmid 1421571] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension [goid 45773] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension [goid 45773] [pmid 1389180] [evidence IDA]; The process by which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons [goid 48699] [pmid 8522593] [evidence NAS]"
"The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ [goid 1759] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 10918587] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the oesophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax [goid 30324] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 15989967] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 9989412] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol [goid 6662] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 9931468] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9931468] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 1374236] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9054386] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9054386] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9054386] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9054386] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 8530467] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 15621726] [evidence EXP]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12052963] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation [goid 30195] [pmid 15005336] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 12563316] [evidence IMP]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [pmid 10535998] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]"
"A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [pmid 2302193] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9060999] [evidence TAS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence IEA]"
"The posttranslational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein; required for the degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway [goid 16598] [pmid 9858543] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 42176] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein; required for the degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway [goid 16598] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 42176] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [evidence ISS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella [goid 1539] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella [goid 1539] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]"
"A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 10187783] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties [goid 30203] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9712905] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9630216] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [evidence ISS];  [goid 19371] [pmid 14511332] [evidence NAS]; The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair [goid 42640] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents [goid 50727] [pmid 14511332] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9840936] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9840936] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple moieties, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein [goid 42787] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10947064] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10947064] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10947064] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 3170595] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 2643102] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2643102] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 2643102] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 2643102] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation [goid 30890] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence ISS]; The process by which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products [goid 45453] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation [goid 45582] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 8156] [pmid 9635433] [evidence IDA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [pmid 9635433] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10582345] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [pmid 14726597] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents [goid 18] [pmid 11031099] [evidence IEP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [pmid 11031099] [evidence NAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [pmid 11031099] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11031099] [evidence NAS]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 11031099] [evidence NAS]"
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups [goid 16571] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11509567] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 11387329] [evidence NAS]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [pmid 11387329] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30336] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [evidence ISS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [pmid 10500198] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein [goid 42517] [pmid 14632778] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 14632778] [evidence TAS]"
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence IEA]
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]"
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 16403913] [evidence IDA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7633447] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9618163] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of events involved in the perception of sound in which a sensory mechanical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Sound is picked up in the form of vibrations [goid 50910] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7957066] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively [goid 42472] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin [goid 31018] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 8522188] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15809] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15819] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase [goid 188] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10929712] [evidence TAS];  [goid 8625] [pmid 10950947] [evidence TAS]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis, mediated by cytochrome c [goid 8635] [pmid 10929711] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10192335] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10192335] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis [goid 42535] [pmid 16108830] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [pmid 16108830] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand [goid 45556] [pmid 16108830] [evidence IDA]"
"A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 10767327] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10767327] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse [goid 7274] [pmid 9119373] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages [goid 6857] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10748049] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6420] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6420] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6420] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [pmid 10824116] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose [goid 6051] [pmid 10824116] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10191259] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9766636] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages [goid 30099] [pmid 7536752] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte [goid 30224] [pmid 9766636] [evidence IDA]; A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the initiation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 42771] [pmid 14654789] [evidence IDA]"
"A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate [goid 6106] [pmid 8200987] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium of cell number within a population of cells in a tissue [goid 48873] [evidence IEA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 9548455] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9548455] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 15163635] [evidence IDA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 2395876] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8226919] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10463609] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 12730204] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues [goid 6689] [pmid 10405317] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence ISS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [pmid 10228147] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10228147] [evidence TAS]; Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 10228147] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 8152488] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10342886] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2608057] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances [goid 19233] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation [goid 45596] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption [goid 45779] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 2390971] [evidence TAS]"
"The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head [goid 7342] [pmid 8838800] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [pmid 10936056] [evidence NAS]"
"Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 8275087] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11274425] [evidence TAS]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster [goid 16226] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8626462] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8626462] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [pmid 8626462] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9852097] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 16126] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11543634] [evidence NAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 8681378] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50832] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents [goid 18] [pmid 9495344] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9843216] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9843216] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes [goid 48535] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1569101] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1569101] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9121764] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8703017] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2311577] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]"
"Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin [goid 6342] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [evidence ISS]; The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid [goid 6476] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 9430226] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9430226] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 17726538] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of directing proteins towards a membrane using signals contained within the protein [goid 6612] [pmid 10799540] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide [goid 6516] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]"
"The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct [goid 1542] [evidence IEA]; The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface [goid 2070] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1557371] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 1557371] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk [goid 30879] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50678] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a progesterone binding to its receptor [goid 50847] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 9367685] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell [goid 8298] [pmid 9367685] [evidence NAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9367685] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm [goid 45] [pmid 15620219] [evidence NAS]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [pmid 15620219] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 6584] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9119395] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom [goid 9308] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 2001794] [evidence TAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length [goid 6939] [pmid 17077303] [evidence IC ]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 17077303] [evidence IC ]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 10653985] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 1314587] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 10653985] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels [goid 19229] [pmid 17077303] [evidence IC ]; Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid [goid 43114] [pmid 17077303] [evidence IC ]; The regulated release of arachidonic acid from a cell or group of cells [goid 50482] [pmid 17077303] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6163] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9168] [evidence IEA]"
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 2466944] [evidence TAS]
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 46034] [evidence ISS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [pmid 8139539] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7207] [pmid 2739737] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands; muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activate inhibitory G proteins and can be activated by the fungal alkaloid muscarine [goid 7213] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 2739737] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 10544184] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9647758] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10578055] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [pmid 9647758] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9325300] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 10365964] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid [goid 6473] [pmid 8684459] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 8684459] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8684459] [evidence IDA]; The acetylation of the N-terminal lysine of proteins [goid 18076] [pmid 12435739] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission [goid 1507] [pmid 9689136] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific asymmetric distribution [goid 8105] [pmid 9689136] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42135] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. An action potential is a spike of membrane depolarization and repolarization that travels along the membrane of a cell [goid 1508] [evidence IEA]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8530500] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation [goid 45634] [evidence IEA]; The deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring during development [goid 48066] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 60158] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 2320128] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8093033] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [pmid 6816269] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [pmid 6816269] [evidence TAS]"
"The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid [goid 6473] [pmid 12750254] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 15251430] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 15251430] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 15251430] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 12750254] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 15029197] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism [goid 45926] [pmid 12750254] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence ISS]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules [goid 7031] [pmid 1546315] [evidence IMP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 11739384] [evidence TAS]; The removal of one or more ubiquitin moieties from a protein [goid 16579] [pmid 11739384] [evidence IDA]; The removal of one or more ubiquitin moieties from a protein [goid 16579] [evidence ISS]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [pmid 15583024] [evidence EXP]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 30539] [pmid 8075637] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle [goid 6101] [pmid 1371749] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6200] [pmid 1371749] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15936] [pmid 1371749] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44262] [evidence IEA]"
"Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 10934204] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15816] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9822598] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9822598] [evidence TAS]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 8661158] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 11943866] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9032289] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [pmid 9032289] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]"
"Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons [goid 6388] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7958835] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 12933792] [evidence IDA]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; Progression through prophase of meiosis I; divided into several stages [goid 7128] [pmid 9592139] [evidence NAS]; The cell cycle process whereby the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination [goid 7130] [pmid 10341103] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7622058] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7607690] [evidence TAS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence NAS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized [goid 31069] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence ISS]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state [goid 48469] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50680] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50680] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10713105] [evidence TAS]"
"Pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway [goid 1561] [pmid 10777549] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage [goid 30225] [evidence IEA]
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 30162] [pmid 2877744] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 30162] [pmid 3997857] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [pmid 2877744] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 7629110] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8034649] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [pmid 11781389] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [pmid 9047234] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [pmid 10092817] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 11994479] [evidence IDA]; A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 42116] [pmid 9047234] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]"
"The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence IEA]; The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [pmid 11709191] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [evidence IEA]"
"A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]; A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [pmid 10871409] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15718] [pmid 9425115] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6200] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7930580] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 8955160] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9181] [evidence IEA]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 16153702] [evidence IDA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9814708] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [pmid 4027230] [evidence TAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6873] [pmid 8841202] [evidence TAS]"
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 33209] [pmid 14607844] [evidence IMP]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9512664] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 7556958] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 7589426] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 7556958] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9143499] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 1639419] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [pmid 1639419] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 1568] [evidence IEA]; A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. In Deuterostomes the initial blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth forms second [goid 1702] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9705349] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of a germ cell, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes, through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form [goid 8354] [pmid 9305923] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signal transduction pathway [goid 30111] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [evidence IEA]; The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9589] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 1729699] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [pmid 1729699] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light [goid 9416] [pmid 1376018] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [pmid 10433554] [evidence NAS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [pmid 10486217] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [pmid 10433554] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45664] [pmid 11824616] [evidence IMP]; A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers [goid 48167] [pmid 11824616] [evidence IMP]"
The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a myristoyl moiety to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein [goid 6499] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a lipoyl group to an amino acid residue in a protein [goid 9249] [pmid 9506952] [evidence TAS]; The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a myristoyl moiety to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein [goid 6499] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a myristoyl moiety to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein [goid 6499] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8555498] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 8896558] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8982256] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell [goid 6970] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell [goid 6970] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30513] [evidence IEA]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 15883184] [evidence IC ]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 8033212] [evidence TAS]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 12093740] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8033212] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule [goid 42326] [pmid 10208428] [evidence IDA]; Destruction of a cell by its own lysosomal contents. This type of programmed cell death is seen when entire tissues, or parts thereof, are committed to destruction, and occurs by the formation of multiple acidic autophagic vacuoles within the doomed cells [goid 48102] [pmid 12698196] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli [goid 48265] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 2008212] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15844] [pmid 16024787] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 2113467] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [pmid 16179339] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 7981751] [evidence TAS]"
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8650192] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline [goid 6656] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus [goid 9628] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 15897551] [evidence NAS]"
"The process by which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome [goid 1845] [pmid 12132654] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 17341475] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 17442961] [evidence IMP]; The attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules [goid 31589] [pmid 17442961] [evidence IMP]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 17341475] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a higher concentration, in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical [goid 50918] [pmid 17442961] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament [goid 51126] [pmid 17442961] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7685902] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7685902] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [pmid 10049739] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes protein modification [goid 44267] [evidence IEA]"
"The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 1894621] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 43010] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose [goid 6007] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [evidence IEA]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 15231831] [evidence EXP]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43281] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation [goid 45579] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation [goid 45582] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [evidence IEA]; Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10521424] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 10521424] [evidence IDA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9990033] [evidence TAS]
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 16071] [pmid 7556077] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 16615998] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence ISS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12151104] [evidence IEP]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10809768] [evidence NAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 10809768] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7774918] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 10754298] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 3202857] [evidence NAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10200270] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 7910562] [evidence IDA]"
"The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo [goid 1756] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 9391078] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9192640] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9192640] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2826474] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 2826474] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [pmid 2826474] [evidence TAS]"
"The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine bases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors [goid 6207] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6221] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate [goid 6222] [pmid 6893554] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Behavior that occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group [goid 35176] [pmid 12669065] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [pmid 15150161] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 10486279] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 10486279] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of, within or between cells. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 15908] [evidence IEA]"
"The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task) [goid 7613] [evidence IEA]; Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10781587] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7217] [pmid 8990205] [evidence TAS]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 16601] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9693039] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 2416746] [evidence TAS]; The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [pmid 2416746] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 2416746] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10585455] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [pmid 17574030] [evidence IMP]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [pmid 14520415] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized [goid 51297] [pmid 17574030] [evidence IMP]"
"Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 15928712] [evidence TAS]"
"A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 10657303] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction [goid 6942] [pmid 8486381] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 7723844] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10468638] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 6194155] [evidence TAS]; Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction [goid 7292] [pmid 10468638] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9381176] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9748269] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9748269] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9096408] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9096408] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 9096408] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8824257] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [evidence ISS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; Specific actions of a newborn or infant mammal that result in the derivation of nourishment from the breast [goid 1967] [evidence IEA]; Specific actions of a newborn or infant mammal that result in the derivation of nourishment from the breast [goid 1967] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence ISS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [evidence ISS]; The actions or reactions of an organism in response to an odor [goid 42048] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [pmid 7923357] [evidence TAS]"
"The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels [goid 1974] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IEP]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 6203523] [evidence IDA]; The breakdown of tissues; usually, if not always, accompanied by cell death [goid 7559] [pmid 7890620] [evidence IC ]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins [goid 10466] [pmid 6203523] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins [goid 10466] [pmid 7890620] [evidence IDA]; A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix [goid 22617] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IEP]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling [goid 34103] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IEP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of fibrils, extracellular matrix material consisting of polysaccharides and protein [goid 43206] [pmid 18026102] [evidence IGI]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving elastin, a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and cross linked to form elastic fibres that are found in connective tissue [goid 51541] [pmid 10545518] [evidence IMP]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 9693048] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9693048] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9276438] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9271424] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9598324] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time [goid 7611] [pmid 9480748] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation [goid 43162] [pmid 15611048] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [pmid 16982419] [evidence IMP]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 16982419] [evidence IMP]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [pmid 16982419] [evidence IMP]; Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase of the Rac family through the replacement of GDP by GTP [goid 32863] [pmid 16982419] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine [goid 33138] [pmid 16982419] [evidence IMP]; The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system [goid 45200] [pmid 16982419] [evidence IMP]"
"The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents [goid 18] [pmid 8016130] [evidence TAS]; A microtubule-based process that occurs only during M phase of the cell cycle [goid 72] [pmid 7565597] [evidence TAS]; Progression through G2 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G2 is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis [goid 85] [pmid 7565597] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides [goid 6259] [pmid 9168958] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 9020106] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 2540953] [evidence TAS]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 9344664] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This muscle is found in Nematodes [goid 7525] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10391211] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm [goid 7603] [pmid 10391211] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 16556] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 12482973] [evidence IDA]; The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [pmid 10067875] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized [goid 51298] [pmid 15665853] [evidence IMP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10102273] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation [goid 45648] [pmid 14734530] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 10102273] [evidence IDA]"
"The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 1621094] [evidence TAS]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [pmid 12459480] [evidence IDA]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]
"The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10858453] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [pmid 9354794] [evidence TAS]; The characteristic morphogenetic movements where the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceeding their future integration [goid 1947] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [evidence IEA]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 8268218] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]"
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules [goid 2474] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules [goid 2474] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10777582] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 10777582] [evidence TAS]"
" [goid 19642] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44262] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA];  [goid 19642] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44262] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration [goid 2687] [pmid 17726152] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 7162] [pmid 17726152] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30336] [pmid 17044017] [evidence IDA]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [pmid 17044017] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8530383] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8530383] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 7937887] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7757071] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7757071] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of, within or between cells [goid 32402] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored [goid 32438] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom [goid 42438] [evidence IEA]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9521882] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 11170751] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties [goid 6304] [evidence IEA]"
The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell [goid 6465] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 15344908] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7791878] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of aspartate, the anion of aspartic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15810] [pmid 7791878] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [pmid 7791878] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid [goid 9440] [pmid 9070219] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [pmid 9070219] [evidence TAS]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required to receive a stimulus indicating DNA damage has occurred and convert it to a molecular signal [goid 42769] [pmid 15300802] [evidence NAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9039501] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7593198] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7593198] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10490654] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 7720699] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development [goid 9791] [evidence IEA]; A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli [goid 48266] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 12145317] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 9799594] [evidence IDA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 7553852] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7553852] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade [goid 46328] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1668606] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 8570618] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 8570618] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9199934] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6848] [pmid 9786900] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating (alpha1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues [goid 15012] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha1->4-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues [goid 30210] [evidence ISS]"
"The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 8045] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7760007] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7760007] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 8045] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules [goid 7031] [pmid 9700193] [evidence IDA]; The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported [goid 16558] [pmid 10862081] [evidence IMP]; The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported [goid 16558] [pmid 9683594] [evidence IDA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz) [goid 10165] [pmid 12908878] [evidence IDA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8036022] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [pmid 7536611] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death as a result of a chemical stimulus [goid 31557] [pmid 15537878] [evidence NAS]; A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity [goid 48172] [pmid 15537878] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 50806] [pmid 15537878] [evidence IMP]; The process of apoptosis in neurons, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system [goid 51402] [pmid 15537878] [evidence IDA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9635432] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9635432] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8946682] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8946682] [evidence TAS]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 17510399] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 2870059] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 17510399] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 51453] [pmid 17510399] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues [goid 7492] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 9744804] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of tetracycline into, out of, within or between cells. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles) [goid 15904] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 9744804] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms [goid 46677] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by addition of ubiquitin groups [goid 16574] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]; Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 2788608] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9022669] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 1541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline [goid 6656] [pmid 9593753] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 15650299] [evidence IMP]; Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [pmid 15521980] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion [goid 50957] [pmid 15521980] [evidence IMP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9535219] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light [goid 9416] [pmid 9535219] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [pmid 11290329] [evidence NAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 15928712] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule [goid 31110] [pmid 11290329] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 9733768] [evidence TAS]"
"The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [pmid 16371467] [evidence IMP]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [pmid 16452303] [evidence EXP]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 3308682] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid [goid 6559] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine [goid 6729] [pmid 3308682] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 3308682] [evidence TAS]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 8626774] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9226370] [evidence IDA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10608892] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 14660608] [evidence IEP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9226370] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 42177] [pmid 10608892] [evidence IMP]; The transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression [goid 45023] [pmid 12101245] [evidence IEP]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 10608892] [evidence IEP]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 18195003] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule [goid 33673] [pmid 18205602] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [goid 42744] [pmid 18195003] [evidence IMP]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB [goid 51092] [pmid 12492477] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 8497321] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [pmid 10587647] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 9765232] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 9765232] [evidence NAS]"
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 10779521] [evidence NAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8940128] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 8940128] [evidence NAS]"
A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 7544395] [evidence TAS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups [goid 16571] [evidence ISS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [pmid 15581601] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 15574495] [evidence IDA]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 15531523] [evidence IDA]; The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs [goid 7567] [pmid 15531523] [evidence IDA];  [goid 19372] [pmid 15581601] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [pmid 15574495] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10449773] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10449773] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating (alpha1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues [goid 15012] [evidence IEA]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]; The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling [goid 48771] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9614111] [evidence TAS]; The methylation of the C-terminal amino acid of a protein [goid 6481] [pmid 10441503] [evidence TAS]; The process of directing proteins towards a membrane using signals contained within the protein [goid 6612] [pmid 9614111] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence NAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10779745] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10779745] [evidence TAS]; The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another [goid 9405] [pmid 1505959] [evidence TAS]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine [goid 6684] [pmid 1740330] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine [goid 6684] [pmid 1740330] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine [goid 6684] [pmid 1740330] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine [goid 6685] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7670466] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7670466] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [pmid 1530890] [evidence NAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 2524838] [evidence NAS]; The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 2531083] [evidence TAS]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the detection of DNA damage [goid 6975] [pmid 10848581] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 10848581] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8621675] [evidence TAS]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [evidence IEA]"
The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 21522] [pmid 15019943] [evidence ISS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]"
"A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. In Deuterostomes the initial blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth forms second [goid 1702] [pmid 11397015] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands [goid 6777] [evidence IEA]; The biological process by which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed [goid 7529] [evidence IEA]"
"The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation [goid 9953] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis [goid 9954] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [evidence IEA]"
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 11971875] [evidence NAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10363580] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [pmid 10363580] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 10629059] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11311121] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the initiation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 42771] [pmid 17349958] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen [goid 45725] [pmid 11311121] [evidence IDA]"
"A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8378084] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 8378084] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell. Complex formation involves dimerization of a receptor protein tyrosine kinase followed by the association of several different intracellular signaling molecules with the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors [goid 7172] [pmid 9924018] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9020193] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine [goid 18108] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into an I-kappaB protein [goid 7252] [pmid 9388242] [evidence TAS]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 11870209] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes [goid 7032] [pmid 11870209] [evidence IEP]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 46963] [pmid 12716889] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues [goid 7492] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle [goid 6749] [pmid 11851347] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 3800996] [evidence IC ]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10356395] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10751421] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 1718995] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 11254442] [evidence ND ]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8912525] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 8912525] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 154] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 7088] [pmid 9843966] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9843966] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a methyl group onto a nitrogen atom of an arginine residue in a protein [goid 35246] [pmid 15369763] [evidence IDA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 2674141] [evidence TAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein [goid 19886] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein [goid 19886] [pmid 8765029] [evidence IDA]"
"The maintenace of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase [goid 7004] [pmid 10850490] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA [goid 32205] [pmid 17055345] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 12408986] [evidence NAS]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 10973252] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [pmid 10973252] [evidence IMP]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 12414817] [evidence IMP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 12414817] [evidence IMP]; The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis [goid 15991] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 10973252] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium [goid 10596] [pmid 17068149] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 17068149] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 17068149] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the activin family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 32924] [pmid 17068149] [evidence IDA]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell [goid 40007] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 17068149] [evidence IDA]"
"The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 2172835] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group [goid 6637] [pmid 7802672] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [pmid 9202629] [evidence TAS]"
The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues [goid 30091] [pmid 14699060] [evidence ISS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues [goid 6032] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 7636245] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8955192] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7636245] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7636245] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7636245] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9787077] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament [goid 8064] [pmid 8838802] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; The selective interaction of actin monomers with specific molecules that inhibit their polymerization by preventing their access to other monomers [goid 42989] [pmid 8838802] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 10564087] [evidence IDA]"
"Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 10508521] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10508521] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers [goid 48167] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8425218] [evidence TAS]"
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinate from glutamate. Also known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) shunt since it channels glutamate into the TCA cycle bypassing two steps of that cycle. There are three enzymes involved in the GABA shunt: glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-TA), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). These three enzymes acting in concert to convert glutamate into succinate. The GABA shunt is predominantly associated with neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. It is also present in nonneuronal cells, in plants, in unicellular eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes [goid 6540] [pmid 1549570] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8954991] [evidence TAS];  [goid 18352] [pmid 10671565] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42136] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 8168843] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 1777677] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8144629] [evidence TAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9038203] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6027] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10037799] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 10037799] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 10037799] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10037799] [evidence TAS]"
"A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [evidence IEA]; Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament [goid 8154] [pmid 8399167] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization [goid 30836] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments [goid 51014] [pmid 8399167] [evidence TAS]"
Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [evidence IEA]
"Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 15194699] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [pmid 12712206] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [pmid 12712206] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12712206] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction [goid 55007] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction [goid 55007] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction [goid 55007] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of directing proteins towards the Golgi using signals contained within the protein [goid 42] [pmid 15837803] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [pmid 15837803] [evidence IMP]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9488477] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [pmid 9488477] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane [goid 43001] [pmid 15837803] [evidence IMP]"
"A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 8876214] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8876214] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8876214] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8595418] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8595418] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8595418] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7951233] [evidence TAS]
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10233894] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42157] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42157] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [pmid 10773671] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation [goid 45627] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation [goid 45629] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 9334314] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9012831] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1868030] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 1868030] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 9892355] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9892355] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes [goid 6658] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor [goid 51347] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9349813] [evidence TAS]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals [goid 7635] [pmid 9349813] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]"
"The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 2251254] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 42953] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [pmid 39940] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide [goid 45019] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group [goid 46477] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide [goid 46479] [pmid 2160973] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase [goid 51001] [evidence ISS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10913340] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10913340] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17133345] [evidence EXP]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 15592430] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 11311561] [evidence NAS]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration) [goid 45333] [pmid 11911854] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 11311561] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 50913] [pmid 12584440] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 11606593] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 14740321] [evidence IMP]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 11606593] [evidence NAS]; Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [pmid 14740321] [evidence IMP]; The process by which the identity of an organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized [goid 48496] [pmid 15671307] [evidence IMP]; A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system [goid 50877] [pmid 12402266] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 10203698] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 11991638] [evidence IDA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 8567683] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate [goid 6188] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9512535] [evidence TAS]; The cell cycle process whereby double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity [goid 7131] [pmid 9441753] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids [goid 6654] [pmid 9212163] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 10882741] [evidence IDA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10882741] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of global transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45817] [pmid 10882741] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage [goid 43517] [evidence ISS]"
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10452521] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6555] [pmid 10452521] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 10452521] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 2261637] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8999038] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway [goid 8593] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls [goid 9253] [pmid 16150577] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 16150577] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [pmid 16150577] [evidence TAS]; The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization [goid 35036] [evidence IEA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 42117] [pmid 11591365] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation [goid 43032] [pmid 11591365] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis [goid 50766] [pmid 11591365] [evidence TAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50830] [pmid 16150577] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9434767] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group [goid 6683] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [pmid 7545493] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 7543104] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 7543104] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 7716548] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 7502040] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10358019] [evidence TAS]"
The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [pmid 12160727] [evidence IDA]
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 10070614] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I [goid 32981] [pmid 11112787] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10857752] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage [goid 2062] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate [goid 50650] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51091] [evidence IEA]"
"The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 10931866] [evidence IDA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex [goid 921] [pmid 10931866] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity [goid 7096] [pmid 10931866] [evidence TAS]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 11209052] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9169138] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9843207] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 7914194] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9843207] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 21675] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8765043] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8898085] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 10571060] [evidence IGI]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8765043] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate [goid 7044] [pmid 9185503] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell [goid 22409] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentine-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentine-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and are composed mainly of dentine, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel [goid 42475] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]; The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body [goid 50900] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 10329405] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10329405] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence NAS]; The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated [goid 30049] [pmid 3904738] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence NAS]; The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated [goid 30049] [pmid 3904738] [evidence NAS]"
"The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 9342333] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 8069914] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing [goid 31442] [pmid 9342333] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 16210324] [evidence IDA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 16210324] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues. DAG is a normal intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl phospholipids and is released from them by phospholipase C activity. DAG from phosphatidyl inositol polyphosphates is important in signal transduction [goid 46339] [pmid 16210324] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process by which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell [goid 8298] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30001] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10523841] [evidence TAS]; The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes [goid 1570] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes [goid 1889] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9032290] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 10523841] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [pmid 8143856] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7926008] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9820826] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9820826] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 10493832] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10493832] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2384753] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 48514] [evidence IEA]"
The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10852956] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10092583] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10092583] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission [goid 7064] [pmid 15855230] [evidence IMP]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10963680] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 10585869] [evidence TAS]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [pmid 10585869] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10585869] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear membrane [goid 6998] [pmid 16380439] [evidence IGI]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle [goid 7052] [pmid 10375507] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of the nucleus [goid 7097] [pmid 10508607] [evidence TAS]"
"The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 2581967] [evidence TAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9288751] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 9288751] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10764772] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid [goid 6559] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid [goid 6572] [pmid 7851880] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9645480] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9645480] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9645480] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 9645480] [evidence TAS]"
"The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell [goid 7020] [pmid 11694571] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus which develops into the kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord [goid 1656] [evidence IEA]; The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ [goid 1759] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9745033] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8107129] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 8449405] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9134435] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [pmid 7937772] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11279123] [evidence NAS]
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of global transcription from Pol II promoter [goid 6358] [pmid 10637334] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 1497627] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication [goid 6268] [pmid 10428834] [evidence NAS]; The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6337] [pmid 10428834] [evidence TAS]; The process leading to expression of genes that are typically not expressed due to silencing by regulatory proteins [goid 6345] [pmid 10428834] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10871404] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10428834] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 15609325] [evidence NAS]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 10428834] [evidence IMP]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [pmid 9930701] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11030615] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 8335000] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound [goid 16139] [pmid 11389701] [evidence IDA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 15837422] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 15837422] [evidence IDA]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [pmid 15837422] [evidence IMP]; The cell cycle process whereby chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis [goid 7080] [pmid 15837422] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8071363] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15721] [pmid 12880872] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 16628629] [evidence IMP]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity [goid 43405] [evidence ISS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11546806] [evidence IDA]
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [pmid 8719416] [evidence TAS]"
"A rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection [goid 1660] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 1924307] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10748004] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 6209582] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 3493774] [evidence TAS]"
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 1373132] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8157683] [evidence TAS]
"The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein [goid 6626] [pmid 9324309] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 11696000] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 11696000] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus [goid 9266] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus [goid 9266] [evidence ISS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 8297347] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 8297347] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8297347] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [pmid 1703300] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8333863] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [evidence IEA]; Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [pmid 11481447] [evidence NAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10954742] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10875937] [evidence IC ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein [goid 42516] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 16024796] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus [goid 7253] [pmid 10969074] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 9575347] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 1693291] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9344866] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 7923218] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [evidence IEA]"
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sterols into, out of, within or between cells. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 15918] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [evidence IEA]"
"The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane [goid 6614] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation [goid 45900] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9099699] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
"Progression through M phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis takes place [goid 87] [pmid 8885239] [evidence TAS]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; Lengthening of the distance between poles of the mitotic spindle [goid 22] [pmid 1406973] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11196675] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 11196675] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-6 [goid 42226] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
" [goid 6112] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9537324] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds [goid 51346] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 9439656] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8208544] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated [goid 6085] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate [goid 6090] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43280] [pmid 15030775] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells [goid 50718] [pmid 15030775] [evidence IDA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9647739] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9647739] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 7531056] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6437] [pmid 9162081] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10102815] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 8621431] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8629] [pmid 8681378] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 9765512] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 16098148] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 8985183] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 1279700] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor [goid 6463] [evidence IEA]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 31503] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation [goid 46661] [evidence IEA]"
"The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code) [goid 6415] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 9418861] [evidence TAS]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 9418861] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to the assembly and arrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 31532] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence ISS]"
The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9169133] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes [goid 6895] [pmid 15004230] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence NAS]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 15004230] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [pmid 15004230] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10206991] [evidence TAS]"
"An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells or basophils, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines [goid 16068] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 8041748] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8041748] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of phosphate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6817] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats [goid 2376] [pmid 15786719] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate [goid 6167] [pmid 15786719] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation [goid 2052] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus [goid 21979] [evidence IEA]; The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation [goid 21985] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 43484] [pmid 9111328] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging [goid 6597] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane [goid 8295] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging [goid 6597] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane [goid 8295] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging [goid 6597] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane [goid 8295] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging [goid 6597] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane [goid 8295] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 7260241] [evidence TAS]; The transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids [goid 6471] [pmid 10338144] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 15146077] [evidence IC ]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) [goid 9231] [pmid 12623014] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9108485] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9168977] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx [goid 42489] [evidence IEA]"
"Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 10220385] [evidence TAS]; Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin [goid 6342] [pmid 10869435] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10869435] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development [goid 45843] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [pmid 12629050] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [pmid 12629050] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes [goid 43069] [pmid 12843293] [evidence ISS]"
"The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Process by which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the plasma membrane [goid 7016] [pmid 7836469] [evidence TAS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 7836469] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [evidence IEA]"
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 154] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate [goid 6189] [pmid 10548741] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10837024] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 10837024] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1903194] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10442631] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 10442631] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle [goid 46325] [pmid 9670003] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 9462754] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10552926] [evidence TAS]"
Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; Oxidation of two organic sulfhydryl groups (thiols) by a disulfide compound to form a disulfide bond [goid 6467] [pmid 17331072] [evidence IGI]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA];  [goid 8625] [pmid 7538907] [evidence TAS]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14644197] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10727470] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 3468507] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6027] [pmid 1465145] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 12080054] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 8242750] [evidence TAS]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8127873] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 8242750] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8242750] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent [goid 278] [pmid 12140259] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the extent to which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired; may be mediated by the assembly and disassembly of a proteinaceous linker [goid 30997] [pmid 9647649] [evidence IDA]"
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 8647802] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8647802] [evidence TAS]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 9685391] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence ISS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 2164221] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2164221] [evidence TAS]"
"A signal transduction pathway, induced by DNA damage, that blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slows the rate at which S phase proceeds [goid 77] [pmid 14657349] [evidence IDA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 8610130] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 9590286] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9590286] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 8156] [pmid 14657349] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding [goid 43393] [evidence IEA]"
"The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis [goid 15986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 8733135] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9398840] [evidence NAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [evidence IEA]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 12485422] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 1770008] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [pmid 9346895] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of aspartate, the anion of aspartic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15810] [pmid 11566871] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [pmid 11566871] [evidence IDA]; The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle [goid 43490] [pmid 11566871] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [pmid 11566871] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 10871379] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 15705566] [evidence IMP]; Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression [goid 45814] [pmid 15705566] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [pmid 15705566] [evidence IDA]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [pmid 8995410] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 11574540] [evidence IGI]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48010] [pmid 11574540] [evidence IGI]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48010] [pmid 9012504] [evidence IDA]
"The orderly movement of cells from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate [goid 6929] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10486209] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 10464311] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 10464311] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Passage through a cell cycle control point late in G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase; in most organisms studied, including budding yeast and animal cells, passage through start normally commits the cell to progressing through the entire cell cycle [goid 7089] [pmid 8208557] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8208557] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin [goid 2237] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [pmid 9548256] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9548256] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8798531] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8751384] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10471494] [evidence NAS]; The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time [goid 7611] [pmid 10471494] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 12377771] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9966] [pmid 10551805] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [pmid 12377771] [evidence IEP]; The process by which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation [goid 45161] [pmid 10551805] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence ISS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate [goid 6177] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division [goid 46651] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate [goid 6177] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division [goid 46651] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [pmid 16262699] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [pmid 16262699] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated nonidentical subunits [goid 51290] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 1317577] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 1317577] [evidence TAS]"
"The uptake and phosphorylation of specific carbohydrates from the extracellular environment; uptake and phosphorylation are coupled, making the PTS a link between the uptake and metabolism of sugars; phosphoenolpyruvate is the original phosphate donor; phosphoenolpyruvate passes the phosphate via a signal transduction pathway, to enzyme 1 (E1), which in turn passes it on to the histidine protein, HPr; the next step in the system involves sugar-specific membrane-bound complex, enzyme 2 (EII), which transports the sugar into the cell; it includes the sugar permease, which catalyzes the transport reactions; EII is usually divided into three different domains, EIIA, EIIB, and EIIC [goid 9401] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence NAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 7522034] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibres or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 7520] [pmid 7566181] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10454543] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism [goid 19079] [pmid 10454543] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 7758105] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7758105] [evidence TAS]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14644197] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development [goid 51798] [evidence IEA]"
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7694363] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9915850] [evidence IC ]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 7513726] [evidence TAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 9915850] [evidence IC ]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokine lymphotoxin A [goid 43017] [pmid 9915850] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2 [goid 45086] [pmid 9915850] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-4 [goid 45404] [pmid 9915850] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation [goid 45630] [pmid 9915850] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 9915850] [evidence NAS]"
"A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 16275750] [evidence IMP]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type [goid 7099] [pmid 16275750] [evidence IMP]; The process by which duplicated centrosome components move away from each other. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle [goid 51299] [pmid 16275750] [evidence IMP]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 1315913] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 1315913] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9705317] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A [goid 42572] [pmid 9705317] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 12885772] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [pmid 12885772] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 50804] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 15047853] [evidence IGI]; The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 15047853] [evidence IGI]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 8207000] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue [goid 30282] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate [goid 51216] [evidence IEA]"
"The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9753320] [evidence TAS]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis, mediated by cytochrome c [goid 8635] [pmid 9267021] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 10441496] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 9590177] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages [goid 6857] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages [goid 6857] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 8392375] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibres are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast [goid 48741] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 50804] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions via a store-operated calcium channel [goid 32235] [pmid 16860747] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7476890] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9076744] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The production of light by certain enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells [goid 8218] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or noncovalent linking of a chromophore to a protein [goid 18298] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2059658] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension [goid 45773] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10716992] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamin (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver [goid 6772] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamin diphosphate, a derivative of thiamin (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle [goid 9229] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamin diphosphate, a derivative of thiamin (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle [goid 9229] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9883723] [evidence TAS]; The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron [goid 7405] [pmid 9883723] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical [goid 50930] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9786908] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9786908] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant [goid 9790] [pmid 16289203] [evidence TAS]; Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium [goid 42592] [pmid 16289203] [evidence NAS]"
"The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo [goid 1756] [evidence IEA]; The formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collage-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed [goid 1957] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10049590] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signal transduction pathway [goid 30111] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation [goid 45668] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration) [goid 45333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7749981] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 7749981] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration) [goid 45333] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10207106] [evidence TAS]
The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [evidence IEA]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; A signal transduction based surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of cell division by preventing the premature advance of cells from metaphase to anaphase prior to the successful attachment of kinetochores to spindle microtubules (spindle assembly) [goid 7094] [pmid 9790499] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9790499] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [pmid 10748018] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7744004] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 11805089] [evidence IDA]"
"A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state [goid 42551] [evidence IEA]; The process by which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier [goid 42552] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 2985435] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2985435] [evidence TAS]; An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure [goid 42311] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8078915] [evidence TAS]; The conversion of a cytosine residue to uridine in an RNA molecule by deamination [goid 16554] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 16556] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein moiety consists of a lipid or lipids [goid 42157] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42036] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42036] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 48666] [pmid 15060842] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8135837] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism or cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell [goid 6972] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8135837] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 8805275] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8838812] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues [goid 5978] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella [goid 1539] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy) [goid 9566] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 7987303] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11252894] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging [goid 46208] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging [goid 46208] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 7626119] [evidence NAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 7626119] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 16335786] [evidence IDA]"
"A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 16239925] [evidence IMP]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 16239925] [evidence IMP]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10421840] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10421840] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 2434380] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 33209] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane [goid 43000] [pmid 15529338] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 11684708] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 1689240] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10749881] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10749881] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 8392005] [evidence NAS]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 1846368] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 30162] [pmid 1689240] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell [goid 1837] [evidence IEA]; A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell [goid 1837] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8769649] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [evidence ISS]"
"The process by which all major lipid classes are redistributed within the plasma membrane following cell activation or injury, resulting in surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Cell surface-exposed PS can serve as receptor sites for coagulation enzyme complexes, and contributes to cell clearance by the reticuloendothelial system [goid 17121] [pmid 10930526] [evidence NAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins [goid 30048] [pmid 10388558] [evidence NAS]; The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated [goid 30049] [pmid 3904738] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 10198254] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]"
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 1886777] [evidence NAS]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP [goid 6510] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP [goid 6510] [evidence IEA]
"The covalent or non-covalent attachment of lipid moieties to an amino acid in a protein [goid 6497] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein [goid 31401] [evidence ISS]; A process by which one or more moieties of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein [goid 32446] [pmid 16963840] [evidence IDA]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm in response to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 34263] [pmid 17256008] [evidence IMP]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex [goid 7181] [pmid 8093006] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [pmid 9545239] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10613906] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 9545239] [evidence IC ]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 11110791] [evidence IDA]
"The process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes, such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide [goid 9399] [pmid 8875867] [evidence TAS]; The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster [goid 16226] [pmid 11060020] [evidence TAS]; The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster [goid 16226] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10438493] [evidence NAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9184233] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9184233] [evidence TAS]; Progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan [goid 7569] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9184233] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]"
"A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12234937] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence ISS]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 7034958] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 15609325] [evidence NAS]"
"The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins [goid 184] [pmid 16488880] [evidence TAS]; Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. These processes includes those that shorten and lengthen the telomeric DNA sequences [goid 723] [pmid 12699629] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 16488880] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule [goid 35303] [pmid 15721257] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9367155] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9367155] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9367155] [evidence TAS]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9570951] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein [goid 1934] [pmid 8114739] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 45737] [pmid 8114739] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10198427] [evidence TAS]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein [goid 42517] [pmid 11470428] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation [goid 45606] [pmid 11470428] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation [goid 45618] [pmid 11470428] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents [goid 50727] [pmid 11470428] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 6894932] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]"
"The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments [goid 6309] [pmid 15572351] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9108473] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 9564035] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 16385455] [evidence IMP]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9169421] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9647693] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 12535537] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 12450395] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 15238223] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 11178988] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7766993] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 11178988] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells [goid 32383] [pmid 15238223] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 12363033] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [pmid 15238223] [evidence IEP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus [goid 48545] [pmid 15238223] [evidence IEP]"
"The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 9224655] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 8543009] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [pmid 8543009] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [pmid 9224655] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9224655] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8543009] [evidence NAS]"
"A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 8639902] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8639902] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 15687237] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [pmid 15687237] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [pmid 15687237] [evidence NAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 15687237] [evidence NAS]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 12809483] [evidence NAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex [goid 7181] [pmid 9865696] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins [goid 7183] [pmid 9865696] [evidence TAS];  [goid 7184] [pmid 9865696] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [pmid 9207117] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8195709] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9334332] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10207103] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9256431] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [pmid 8294396] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 15383453] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell [goid 22409] [pmid 15383453] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation [goid 50870] [pmid 15383453] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8756646] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10903763] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10903763] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10570316] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10201901] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10201891] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10903763] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8476424] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 9395] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 9395] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 8999933] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6527] [pmid 10493931] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water [goid 6809] [pmid 10493931] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO) [goid 7263] [pmid 10493931] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the Mullerian ducts, primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina, undergo regression in male embryos [goid 1880] [pmid 14750901] [evidence NAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7493017] [evidence IMP]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [evidence ISS]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [pmid 12834017] [evidence TAS]"
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
"The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 12689582] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 15314157] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 15788408] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence ISS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus [goid 10038] [pmid 9605764] [evidence TAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors [goid 45576] [evidence IEA]"
The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer [goid 7021] [pmid 10831612] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 1849734] [evidence ISS]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Behavior that occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group [goid 35176] [pmid 12669065] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells [goid 45216] [pmid 11368788] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [pmid 15150161] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [pmid 11368788] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins [goid 16446] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]
"The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10399917] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10835680] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7929347] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 17200152] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin moieties to a protein [goid 31398] [pmid 16352719] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes [goid 43068] [pmid 17200152] [evidence IDA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 16980962] [evidence IMP]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 16321986] [evidence IDA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 16269541] [evidence IDA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 17442267] [evidence IDA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 17200152] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 8521822] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8521822] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8663449] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8663449] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 7602097] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 7602097] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7602097] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7602097] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of P-1,4-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues [goid 6032] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin [goid 43011] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a Th1 cell [goid 45063] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 16098148] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8780057] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8780057] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]; A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea [goid 50] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus [goid 6997] [pmid 11792814] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [pmid 12808039] [evidence IDA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell [goid 42692] [pmid 11792814] [evidence IDA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11279069] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [pmid 9784494] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9784494] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 9784494] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11891224] [evidence IDA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 8795617] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]"
"The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 2334637] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 8696339] [evidence TAS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9778247] [evidence TAS]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [pmid 7774020] [evidence TAS]; The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another [goid 9405] [pmid 10353249] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 7774020] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP [goid 6510] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules [goid 7031] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8346219] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 14998491] [evidence IDA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 14998491] [evidence IDA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9241279] [evidence TAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 7700379] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9468540] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 3497400] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9736740] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence ISS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat5 protein [goid 42523] [pmid 9722506] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 45740] [pmid 9722506] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level [goid 45885] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade [goid 46330] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7959015] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7959015] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation [goid 46320] [pmid 16054041] [evidence EXP]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10446203] [evidence TAS]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 10446203] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [pmid 12499397] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45948] [pmid 16001084] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10761934] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals [goid 7635] [pmid 10761935] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [pmid 10761934] [evidence TAS]"
"The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 10521544] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [pmid 10409699] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 2451124] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8595410] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7539673] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins [goid 45104] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation [goid 1836] [pmid 15685448] [evidence IMP]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 15685448] [evidence IMP]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 3017706] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caspase activity [goid 43154] [pmid 15685448] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive [goid 51902] [pmid 15685448] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 9435697] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a purine nucleoside, a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15860] [pmid 9435697] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 11056049] [evidence NAS]"
"The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 30101] [pmid 11081504] [evidence NAS]"
"Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 15670210] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA replication; the process by which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase [goid 30174] [pmid 15670210] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell [goid 1779] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 12560508] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex [goid 30217] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte [goid 30224] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils [goid 30851] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 16762037] [evidence IMP]; Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 1730053] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear membrane [goid 6998] [pmid 17420445] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 46080] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 1325640] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 1325640] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 46080] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 6334807] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 6334807] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 6334807] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes [goid 48535] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis [goid 8632] [pmid 8663294] [evidence TAS]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis, mediated by cytochrome c [goid 8635] [pmid 9390557] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 11278501] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 8455721] [evidence TAS]; The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [pmid 8455721] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 11278501] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10906052] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process of the formation of the constituents of the ribosome subunits, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42254] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 6665] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases [goid 7040] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6431] [pmid 15274629] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 15525507] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15701] [pmid 15525507] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 15525507] [evidence IDA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of cations within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 30003] [pmid 15525507] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of boron into, out of, within or between cells. Boron is a group 13 element, with properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals [goid 46713] [pmid 15525507] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]"
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 10585447] [evidence NAS]
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9570313] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9570313] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6608] [pmid 9570313] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled [goid 2026] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8406504] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction [goid 45822] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48738] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51924] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10331946] [evidence TAS]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10197531] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8622695] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9367992] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45947] [pmid 11172725] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 11078474] [evidence NAS]"
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 12857734] [evidence IDA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 10830904] [evidence NAS]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 15609325] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 10747990] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 15609325] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 8643607] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 12911579] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific gene or set of genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter [goid 10551] [pmid 12911579] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9218798] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9218798] [evidence IDA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
The physical displacement of sperm stored from previous mating encounters [goid 7321] [pmid 7514008] [evidence TAS]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10779429] [evidence IDA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [pmid 10779429] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6754] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10212244] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11007769] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [pmid 7835232] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 7835232] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid [goid 6564] [pmid 10637769] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds [goid 8615] [pmid 10637769] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 42177] [pmid 11163772] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [pmid 11163772] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 1658795] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds; includes nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium [goid 6807] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH [goid 9435] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11543634] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9694792] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9694792] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9353319] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9694792] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head [goid 7342] [pmid 9041139] [evidence TAS]; Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue [goid 8542] [evidence IEA]; Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 30534] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7503811] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 1339368] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB [goid 6983] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation [goid 30968] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter [goid 42789] [pmid 14667815] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [pmid 14667815] [evidence IDA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 2452170] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50680] [evidence ISS]"
"The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence ISS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 12393858] [evidence IDA]"
"Progression through G2 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G2 is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis [goid 85] [pmid 10974554] [evidence NAS]; A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle [goid 6977] [pmid 10974554] [evidence NAS]; Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [pmid 10974554] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [pmid 10332030] [evidence TAS]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 10332030] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide [goid 6516] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose [goid 6012] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose [goid 19402] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 46835] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose [goid 6012] [pmid 15024738] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 46835] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 9645677] [evidence TAS]; The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes [goid 7617] [pmid 7946354] [evidence TAS]; Any biological process in an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours [goid 7623] [pmid 9645677] [evidence TAS]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 9548455] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9548455] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen [goid 32355] [pmid 15831516] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides [goid 6259] [pmid 10713074] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10857751] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30001] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 2170109] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine phosphatase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7185] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [pmid 8509401] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 2846586] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments [goid 51014] [pmid 2846586] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 1387645] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 1740329] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence IEA]
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9651385] [evidence IC ]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11137288] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9537602] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity [goid 7431] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid [goid 30850] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of branches in a tube are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A tube is a long hollow cylinder [goid 48754] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50680] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [evidence IEA]"
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 15249540] [evidence IDA]; The movement of leukocytes within or between different tissues and organs of the body [goid 50900] [evidence ISS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 14593112] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triacylglycerols are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins [goid 6641] [pmid 10727238] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 10727238] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle [goid 33344] [pmid 11162594] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle [goid 33700] [pmid 11162594] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase [goid 51006] [pmid 15878877] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase [goid 51006] [pmid 10727238] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter [goid 16480] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus [goid 1782] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9346484] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB [goid 51092] [pmid 15790681] [evidence IDA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9796814] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 8861902] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [pmid 9445478] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [pmid 10693807] [evidence TAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [pmid 10747949] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10693807] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye [goid 6726] [pmid 9303295] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 9151686] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of exogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family [goid 48007] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation [goid 51138] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [pmid 11024021] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 9288969] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis [goid 45836] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45948] [pmid 16001084] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10625666] [evidence TAS]"
The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 10531035] [evidence NAS]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10024240] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9063746] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 6584] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom [goid 9309] [pmid 9119390] [evidence TAS]"
The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage [goid 48268] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose [goid 6012] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose [goid 6012] [pmid 1427861] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB [goid 6983] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus [goid 42542] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30032] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30032] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell [goid 31529] [evidence ISS]; Long distance growth of a single process [goid 48675] [pmid 16260607] [evidence IMP]"
"The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence NAS]; The process by which all major lipid classes are redistributed within the plasma membrane following cell activation or injury, resulting in surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Cell surface-exposed PS can serve as receptor sites for coagulation enzyme complexes, and contributes to cell clearance by the reticuloendothelial system [goid 17121] [pmid 10930526] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10449408] [evidence IDA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 15048733] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 8608938] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9084137] [evidence TAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 1660144] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2521388] [evidence TAS]
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom [goid 9308] [pmid 9169148] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11459809] [evidence IDA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 2644542] [evidence TAS]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 2179953] [evidence TAS]; The molecular events that lead to the integration of a viral genome into the host genome [goid 19047] [pmid 16291214] [evidence EXP]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45069] [pmid 7590732] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45069] [pmid 11250896] [evidence IMP]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 7905839] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7191] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 9689128] [evidence TAS]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 2159143] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [pmid 11751921] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 11751921] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [pmid 11751921] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [pmid 11751921] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone formation [goid 30278] [pmid 11751921] [evidence TAS]; The process by which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products [goid 45453] [pmid 11751921] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation [goid 45671] [pmid 11851921] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 11751921] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade [goid 46329] [pmid 11751921] [evidence IDA]"
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [pmid 9461602] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10815801] [evidence NAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 10749887] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9186513] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 11001880] [evidence TAS]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 11001880] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10521347] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9186513] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 9223454] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 9590292] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9259282] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 5513] [pmid 10676964] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10676964] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10676964] [evidence TAS]"
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7523404] [evidence TAS]
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex [goid 43248] [pmid 16251969] [evidence IDA]"
"Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle [goid 30239] [pmid 11114196] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9118959] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8943276] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 9144201] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7913309] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [evidence IEA]"
"The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 2373685] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6432] [pmid 10329163] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [pmid 10329163] [evidence IDA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10362512] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell [goid 48477] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 48599] [pmid 15044608] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule [goid 16126] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 3027901] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 8756537] [evidence IDA]"
"A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis [goid 9948] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [evidence IEA]; The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression) [goid 42074] [evidence IEA]"
The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [pmid 16278297] [evidence NAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10601354] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 10607840] [evidence NAS]; Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals [goid 7635] [pmid 10607840] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9405671] [evidence TAS]; Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament [goid 8154] [pmid 9405671] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins [goid 30048] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 8045] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9368598] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9368598] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine phosphatase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7185] [pmid 10706604] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 2270483] [evidence TAS]; Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience [goid 7612] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 2270483] [evidence TAS]; The deposition of calcium phosphate in bone tissue [goid 30282] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [pmid 9659902] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells [goid 281] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 15572661] [evidence TAS]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 9215629] [evidence TAS];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9215629] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 10698492] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 15572661] [evidence IDA]; A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells [goid 281] [evidence IEA]; A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells [goid 281] [evidence IEA]; A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells [goid 281] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 2513129] [evidence TAS]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8321221] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [pmid 8661133] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6707] [pmid 12169628] [evidence IC ]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 12169628] [evidence NAS]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation [goid 16197] [pmid 12169628] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [pmid 12169628] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 1541] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell [goid 48477] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 1569099] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the detection of DNA damage [goid 6975] [pmid 10848581] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 10848581] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9297626] [evidence EXP]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8633070] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 45445] [pmid 8633070] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9736770] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm [goid 19835] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 8672131] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 8563171] [evidence TAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 10077596] [evidence TAS]"
"The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 12077138] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 12077138] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence ISS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 12077138] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 12077138] [evidence IMP]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence ISS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 12077138] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed during the G1/S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 83] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the size of a cell [goid 8361] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes [goid 1502] [pmid 3201241] [evidence TAS]; The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 16824737] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7798260] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 3026468] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate [goid 6167] [pmid 11428554] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 9152] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits [goid 51262] [pmid 16973378] [evidence IDA]"
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8798579] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 7588638] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 7588638] [evidence TAS]"
"The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history [goid 904] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes [goid 6907] [evidence IEA]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9620555] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid [goid 46380] [pmid 16237198] [evidence IDA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 1309665] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 10023073] [evidence TAS]"
"The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments [goid 6309] [pmid 15572351] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9108473] [evidence TAS]; The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis [goid 30263] [pmid 10959840] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase [goid 185] [pmid 11053428] [evidence IC ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 8824585] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 8824585] [evidence IDA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 8824585] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [pmid 11053428] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation [goid 45610] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10898789] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10898789] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10898789] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10898789] [evidence TAS]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 1621094] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8351518] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein [goid 1934] [pmid 14749367] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding [goid 32092] [pmid 14749367] [evidence IDA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10806363] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol during the process of G-protein signaling coupled to IP3 second messenger [goid 51482] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7920659] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 1769655] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45665] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid [goid 46513] [evidence ISS]"
"A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 11076957] [evidence NAS]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 11076957] [evidence NAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The process of apoptosis in neurons, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system [goid 51402] [pmid 15212762] [evidence IDA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 6143319] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 46836] [pmid 15901739] [evidence IDA]"
"The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-proline to form 4-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline,2-oxoglutarate-4-dioxygenase [goid 18401] [pmid 7753822] [evidence IDA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10766816] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
"The assembly and arrangement of the membrane of a peroxisome [goid 16557] [pmid 12223482] [evidence IMP]; The assembly and arrangement of the membrane of a peroxisome [goid 16557] [pmid 9837814] [evidence IMP]; The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported [goid 16558] [pmid 9922452] [evidence IMP]; The de novo formation of peroxisomes from the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 32581] [pmid 16717127] [evidence IDA]; The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import [goid 45046] [pmid 12223482] [evidence IMP]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9553150] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9553150] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8558062] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8812503] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 10201375] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus [goid 9266] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9655484] [evidence NAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule [goid 30259] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane [goid 45329] [pmid 9753662] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45665] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron [goid 48663] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 50793] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart [goid 7051] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [pmid 15504738] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 8634703] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9409] [evidence IEA]; Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein [goid 35196] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings [goid 8037] [pmid 1711157] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 3093892] [evidence NAS]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [evidence IEA]; The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation [goid 31295] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 11832213] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 11832213] [evidence IMP]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7687743] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome [goid 6376] [pmid 8940107] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 8940107] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes protein modification [goid 44267] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater [goid 38] [pmid 10471116] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored [goid 32438] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 7809153] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 7809153] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis [goid 15991] [pmid 7809153] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [pmid 12112599] [evidence IDA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 30641] [pmid 12112599] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [pmid 7555018] [evidence TAS]"
"The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 11060282] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 11290797] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus [goid 48247] [pmid 11017100] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12888622] [evidence IDA]; The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis [goid 8632] [pmid 8576161] [evidence TAS]"
"The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria [goid 6613] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16340] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments [goid 31032] [evidence IEA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15804] [pmid 10051606] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9665387] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 9665387] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development [goid 40008] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10369267] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid [goid 6569] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid [goid 19674] [pmid 14704851] [evidence EXP]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 11030331] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [pmid 11030331] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 11896048] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caspase activity [goid 43154] [pmid 11896048] [evidence IDA]; Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 45109] [pmid 10954706] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7508441] [evidence TAS]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12490704] [evidence IEP]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence NAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7776974] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9535219] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [pmid 12629050] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7157] [pmid 12629050] [evidence ISS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle [goid 7413] [pmid 12629050] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process by which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier [goid 42552] [pmid 12629050] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [pmid 12629050] [evidence ISS]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of iron ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6879] [evidence NAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 7036344] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 10049693] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle [goid 16188] [pmid 10620806] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle [goid 48499] [pmid 10620806] [evidence NAS]"
"The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence ISS]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9828128] [evidence NAS]; The cellular homeostatic process by which a muscle fiber is preserved in a stable functional or structural state [goid 46716] [evidence IEA]
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6957] [pmid 162484] [evidence EXP]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 8530058] [evidence TAS]
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7212] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 45807] [pmid 16595675] [evidence IMP]; The process by which clathrin triskelia are assembled into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage [goid 48268] [pmid 16595675] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2208279] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2208279] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 45740] [pmid 9722506] [evidence IDA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 1729377] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1729377] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 1729377] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 11684014] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [pmid 14729977] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane [goid 8295] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]
"The process whereby segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes [goid 7379] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7423] [pmid 8001130] [evidence TAS]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively [goid 42472] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation [goid 45647] [pmid 8620536] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier [goid 8065] [pmid 2345169] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics [goid 43627] [pmid 10037815] [evidence IEP]"
"The process by which a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple moieties, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein [goid 42787] [pmid 14755250] [evidence IDA]"
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 7722300] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10473598] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 10473598] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 10734056] [evidence TAS]; A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [pmid 10734056] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9468473] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9119400] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10734056] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9468473] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9479502] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism [goid 19079] [pmid 9479502] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 11048727] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 12805220] [evidence IDA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 17216128] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 12805220] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 17216128] [evidence IMP]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9628903] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [pmid 9628903] [evidence TAS]"
"Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis [goid 35090] [evidence IEA]; Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis [goid 35090] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 7542763] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [pmid 7542763] [evidence IDA]; Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis [goid 35090] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9169142] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9169142] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence NAS]; The modification of histones by addition of ubiquitin groups [goid 16574] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 48593] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 2734298] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 12855582] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate L-aspartate [goid 33345] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8294494] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 8294494] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 16249884] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 16684770] [evidence NAS]; The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory [goid 50890] [pmid 16249884] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The myofibril assembly process by which the muscle actomyosin is organized into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs [goid 45214] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled [goid 2026] [pmid 16675844] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction [goid 6942] [pmid 16675844] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32781] [pmid 16675844] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 55010] [pmid 16754800] [evidence IMP]; The process by which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 55010] [pmid 8673105] [evidence IMP]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [pmid 16675844] [evidence IMP]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 9286856] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication [goid 6268] [evidence IEA]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]"
"An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 8551575] [evidence TAS]; An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin [goid 42088] [pmid 14743498] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma [goid 45078] [pmid 14743498] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation [goid 46641] [pmid 14743498] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor coupled to effectors through GTP-binding proteins [goid 7216] [pmid 9215706] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm [goid 9584] [pmid 9215706] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9430674] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 9430674] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1945843] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 2110562] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [pmid 16600873] [evidence NAS]; Any process that establish the spatial arrangement of nuclear pores within the nuclear envelope [goid 31081] [pmid 16600873] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nuclear pore complex [goid 51292] [pmid 16600873] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator [goid 6754] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 11959398] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme [goid 6744] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli [goid 6663] [pmid 9430701] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids [goid 6690] [pmid 9430701] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 9395] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10987280] [evidence NAS]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9305772] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8816445] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 8816445] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8816445] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins [goid 6750] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway [goid 6956] [pmid 1711047] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8365415] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9809752] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8804307] [evidence TAS]; Maintenance of transcription by remodelling of chromatin into an 'open configuration'. Once established, this regulation is mitotically stable and is maintained over many cell divisions. It is also heritable [goid 48096] [pmid 12917342] [evidence IMP]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The process of apoptosis in cells infected with a virus [goid 6926] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation [goid 30968] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of L-alanine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15808] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15824] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10976108] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 3380101] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2734021] [evidence TAS]; Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression [goid 45814] [pmid 10976108] [evidence IDA]"
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 11554746] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the human bloodstream. Vitamin D is also known as calciferol and five different forms are known, including ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol [goid 42359] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, a fat soluble vitamin that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the human bloodstream. Vitamin D is also known as calciferol and five different forms are known, including ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol [goid 42359] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of vitamins into, out of, within or between cells. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body [goid 51180] [pmid 1696927] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 593368] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1378436] [evidence NAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 1378436] [evidence TAS]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9531537] [evidence IDA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 43484] [pmid 2467746] [evidence IMP]"
"The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus during an acute inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 2537] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 8954799] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water [goid 6809] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8954799] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of levorotatory isomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15807] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15809] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15819] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15822] [evidence IEA]; A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 42116] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents [goid 50727] [evidence IEA]"
"Branching of the ureteric bud [goid 1658] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 9507058] [evidence TAS]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9598316] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8269511] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process [goid 2684] [pmid 17943189] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7543093] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6833] [pmid 17943189] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 7543093] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus [goid 32526] [pmid 17943189] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus [goid 33280] [pmid 17943189] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation [goid 45616] [pmid 17943189] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [pmid 17943189] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9312] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine also occurs; this modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification [goid 18279] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 9714746] [evidence NAS]; Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by a global activation or inactivation of all, or most of, genes on one or both of the X chromosomes [goid 7549] [pmid 15053874] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C as the result of a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7205] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [pmid 8626589] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8900283] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 8528244] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 9020846] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8528244] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 9020846] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid [goid 6563] [pmid 11054547] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]; Pathways for DNA repair which occur after DNA has replicated, e.g. mismatch repair, and which involve translesion synthesis (TLS-type) DNA polymerases [goid 6301] [pmid 1559696] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 1559696] [evidence TAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 3476925] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix [goid 30199] [pmid 1427837] [evidence NAS]"
"The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV [goid 6123] [pmid 12474143] [evidence IC ]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3 [goid 6784] [pmid 12474143] [evidence IGI]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 9878253] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms [goid 8535] [pmid 12474143] [evidence IMP]; The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration) [goid 45333] [pmid 12474143] [evidence IC ]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 9878253] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 2404338] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15701] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7585125] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 10421367] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [pmid 10421367] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 10421367] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 10421367] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [pmid 2155780] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 2155780] [evidence IDA]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 7590364] [evidence TAS]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 9372926] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 8961935] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 30509] [pmid 15621726] [evidence EXP]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes [goid 6895] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 10860667] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid [goid 6548] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of zinc ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6882] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30001] [evidence IEA]"
The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release [goid 51085] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release [goid 51085] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release [goid 51085] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle [goid 6749] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9730896] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9730896] [evidence TAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 30101] [pmid 9730896] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity [goid 42269] [pmid 15654827] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7598724] [evidence TAS]
"A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9743336] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9973372] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9973372] [evidence TAS]"
"The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8537403] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10436159] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10428028] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 10436159] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8689688] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 10428028] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension [goid 45773] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]; Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself [goid 6349] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 9874798] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes [goid 6402] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]"
"The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code) [goid 6415] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10381885] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 10381885] [evidence TAS]"
"The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 9545095] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of, within or between cells. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines [goid 15884] [pmid 9545095] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines [goid 46655] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [evidence NAS]"
"An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat [goid 1662] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7057924] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances [goid 19233] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [pmid 11410164] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10820279] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9725262] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10820279] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9551928] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9058825] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9551928] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 9725262] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8194769] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7914867] [evidence TAS]"
"A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [evidence IEA]; The activation, by oxidative stress, of any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8631] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virus reproduces. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle [goid 16032] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus [goid 42307] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters, from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 42347] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43280] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response [goid 50728] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells [goid 9306] [pmid 12780348] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms [goid 17000] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [pmid 12780348] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of beta-amyloid [goid 42984] [pmid 10833507] [evidence IDA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt receptor mediated signal transduction pathway [goid 30111] [pmid 11896061] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 8812413] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8703119] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 9195948] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9195948] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9195948] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9558100] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9195948] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9195948] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus [goid 10042] [pmid 15070399] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus [goid 10043] [pmid 15070399] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus [goid 32025] [pmid 15070399] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus [goid 32026] [pmid 15070399] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes protein modification [goid 44267] [pmid 15070399] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus [goid 51592] [pmid 15070399] [evidence ISS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner [goid 354] [pmid 9539711] [evidence IC ]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9409622] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix [goid 30199] [evidence IEA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix [goid 30199] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8395824] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage [goid 718] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane [goid 6906] [pmid 10506127] [evidence IPI]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles [goid 48193] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9647766] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 12857734] [evidence IDA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 10593960] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 10593960] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The process that regulates the coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system [goid 1569] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9135077] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9135077] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]"
"Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin [goid 6346] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence ISS]; Any process involved in maintaining the methylation state of a nucleotide sequence [goid 10216] [evidence ISS]; The assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin near the centromere [goid 31508] [evidence ISS]; The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division [goid 46651] [evidence ISS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 11152476] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 11152476] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [pmid 11152476] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates [goid 30097] [evidence ISS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9606987] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule [goid 42325] [evidence IEA]"
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation [goid 42098] [evidence IEA]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 7088] [pmid 1731328] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 1731328] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 1731328] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 9869639] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 1373518] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 1714482] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms [goid 19310] [evidence ISS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands [goid 6261] [pmid 9618506] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8223438] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 12655004] [evidence NAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8661015] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 45662] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 45662] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 45662] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 45662] [evidence IEA]"