"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 15102938] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity [goid 7194] [pmid 15102938] [evidence IEP]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7196] [pmid 15102938] [evidence IMP]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8738157] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [pmid 15102938] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade [goid 43410] [pmid 15102938] [evidence IEP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in the nervous system. It may stop or prevent or reduce the rate of cell death by apoptosis and it is activated by stress to counteract death signals in central nervous systems. Different neuroprotective mechanisms may be activated to combat distinct types of cellular stress, ERK pathway is one of several neuroprotective mechanisms and it is a model system to study neuronal apoptosis, which may contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases and aging-related neuron loss [goid 43526] [pmid 15102938] [evidence TAS]"