"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8692981] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 1310542] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2867548] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10832105] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15698] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 43271] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9566884] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter [goid 6359] [pmid 9566884] [evidence TAS]"
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence NAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties [goid 6587] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties [goid 42427] [evidence IEA]"
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 8576247] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromuscular junction over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7528] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 7665172] [evidence TAS]; The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron [goid 7405] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state [goid 21766] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex [goid 21895] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45665] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation [goid 48712] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal [goid 35115] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A [goid 42573] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1334086] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1654334] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1654334] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10488091] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 10878006] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 7814155] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8922384] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm [goid 45] [pmid 15755735] [evidence IDA]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11509566] [evidence IDA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 15034300] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 11509566] [evidence IDA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 8208298] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide [goid 50684] [pmid 8208298] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9434767] [evidence TAS]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [pmid 9000057] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9000057] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1672047] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 1672047] [evidence TAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51924] [evidence IEA]"
"The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups [goid 16575] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10777477] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [pmid 12711221] [evidence TAS]; The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups [goid 16575] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence NAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template [goid 9303] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11030615] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 11056392] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10376525] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10376525] [evidence IMP]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10376525] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 9139710] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9278426] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol [goid 6072] [evidence IEA]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 1762] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of taurine into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15734] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 1762] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 8010975] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of taurine into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15734] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 1867] [pmid 11549596] [evidence IPI]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 11549596] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 1380725] [evidence TAS]; An ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots [goid 42730] [pmid 11290596] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 45765] [pmid 11290596] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8920907] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium [goid 43542] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48738] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the protein kinase B signaling cascade, a series of reactions mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B [goid 51898] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells [goid 7127] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 8910601] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid [goid 46874] [pmid 12140278] [evidence IDA]"
"The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9207454] [evidence TAS]; An ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots [goid 42730] [pmid 12114510] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 45765] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10835276] [evidence TAS]"
Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [pmid 9792917] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 9792917] [evidence TAS]"
"The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 2302228] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of global transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45817] [pmid 12169688] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 14580349] [evidence IDA]"
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8688464] [evidence TAS]
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 7644510] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole [goid 7034] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport [goid 42147] [pmid 11102511] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole [goid 7034] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9242461] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9242461] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism [goid 6002] [pmid 8144040] [evidence TAS];  [goid 6112] [pmid 1460020] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 16051] [evidence IEA]"
The covalent attachment of a prenyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18346] [evidence IEA]; The covalent attachment of a prenyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18346] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 8599089] [evidence TAS]; The covalent attachment of a farnesyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18347] [pmid 8494894] [evidence TAS]; The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18348] [pmid 8106351] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitter receptors [goid 45213] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin [goid 2378] [pmid 12438318] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine [goid 18242] [pmid 9295285] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine [goid 18242] [pmid 12438318] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine [goid 18243] [pmid 9295285] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine [goid 18243] [pmid 12438318] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]"
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [pmid 9710638] [evidence TAS]
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The removal of one or more ubiquitin moieties from a protein [goid 16579] [evidence NAS]"
"A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 10446149] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10446149] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 9395237] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 9395237] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 8508762] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 7925273] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 7925273] [evidence TAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 7925273] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10535980] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10912793] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10570282] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7210] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9950429] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9299232] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 11827967] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamin (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver [goid 6772] [pmid 11827967] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [pmid 11827967] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins [goid 184] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9230079] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30833] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30833] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction [goid 6310] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus [goid 9749] [pmid 16984975] [evidence IMP]; The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [pmid 16984975] [evidence IMP]; The process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system [goid 32119] [pmid 15331542] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine [goid 6729] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer [goid 43496] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits [goid 51289] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of nonidentical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51291] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 11526492] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 17726538] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10575229] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11030615] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network) [goid 6891] [pmid 11056392] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 9417093] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9417093] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9417093] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a virus reproduces. Usually, this is by infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle [goid 16032] [pmid 9417093] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence ISS]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 11606197] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 11606197] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9408] [pmid 11606197] [evidence IDA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 2631556] [evidence IDA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 10851242] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9224703] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]; The modification of histones by addition of acetyl groups [goid 16573] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 11162587] [evidence NAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 8004088] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10858549] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10858549] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [pmid 11750132] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9196039] [evidence NAS]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 9054939] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10521658] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10521658] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 2575220] [evidence NAS]"
"A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9738473] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibres or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 7520] [pmid 9738473] [evidence TAS]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 11018022] [evidence NAS]
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane [goid 6996] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9731529] [evidence TAS]
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells [goid 50710] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7913952] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 7913952] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen [goid 32355] [pmid 15831516] [evidence IDA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10866665] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; A cell-cell signaling process occurring between the two gastrulation-generated layers of the ectoderm and the mesoderm [goid 7499] [pmid 9182671] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation [goid 9314] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 2587259] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 8978766] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus [goid 9725] [evidence ISS]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein [goid 42531] [evidence ISS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9695945] [evidence TAS]
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 10352175] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [pmid 10352175] [evidence TAS]"
"The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments [goid 266] [pmid 12509422] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane [goid 7007] [pmid 12509422] [evidence IDA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 11017080] [evidence IMP]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment [goid 8053] [pmid 12509422] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons [goid 19896] [pmid 11017080] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis [goid 45768] [pmid 12509422] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 7542747] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1371413] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding [goid 30593] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10948432] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10521354] [evidence NAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6405] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 16973] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 9278146] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA ploymerase III promoter [goid 6359] [pmid 9278146] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey [goid 6000] [pmid 3105602] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 9346309] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9600961] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9548457] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9548457] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported [goid 16558] [pmid 15858711] [evidence IMP]; The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import [goid 45046] [evidence IEA]; The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import [goid 45046] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 9819414] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7539744] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30032] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 1672471] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles) [goid 30901] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium) [goid 30902] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 48666] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands [goid 6261] [pmid 8333869] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter [goid 6356] [pmid 8333869] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase [goid 6390] [pmid 8333869] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7929244] [evidence TAS]"
The covalent attachment of a prenyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18346] [evidence IEA]
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension [goid 30516] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 9973622] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments [goid 31032] [evidence IEA]"
"The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7158] [evidence NAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm [goid 1824] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the general nucleotide excision repair pathway [goid 6283] [pmid 10944529] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 10944529] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [pmid 7980603] [evidence NAS]; A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9151699] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [pmid 1996985] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7478540] [evidence TAS]; The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell [goid 45198] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 8626529] [evidence TAS]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The stepwise addition of sugar residues to the initially added O-linked sugar (usually GalNAc) to form the core 3 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-1->3-GalNAc [goid 16269] [pmid 11821425] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 8063797] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 1568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood [goid 1568] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7680674] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 7680674] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 14970218] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 16051670] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10201374] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death [goid 45059] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9485181] [evidence IC ]; The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death [goid 45059] [evidence ISS]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 11818576] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 8026862] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane [goid 6906] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10523675] [evidence TAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30032] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity [goid 43552] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 45785] [evidence IEA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 9582303] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9312] [evidence IEA]"
The maintenace of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase [goid 7004] [pmid 12768206] [evidence IDA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10534407] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9426258] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9426258] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8906617] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8906617] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 8812431] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9524206] [evidence TAS]; The process by which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses [goid 6098] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle [goid 6977] [pmid 10891498] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 10891498] [evidence IDA]; A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [pmid 10891498] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid [goid 6533] [pmid 8252036] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants [goid 6703] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]"
"A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8332913] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1833184] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript [goid 6378] [pmid 8929409] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 8929409] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence ISS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12724276] [evidence IMP]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 9381176] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state [goid 42551] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 7729684] [evidence TAS]; Progression through G1 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G1 is the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis [goid 80] [pmid 7729684] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 7729684] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30511] [pmid 16943770] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation [goid 50680] [pmid 16943770] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 2451786] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid [goid 6672] [pmid 14570870] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 14570870] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 30149] [pmid 11018465] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7646528] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 45765] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 16055927] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 16055927] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion [goid 43681] [pmid 16055927] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48806] [pmid 16055927] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft [goid 16079] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell or group of cells [goid 46928] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 7954800] [evidence IDA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 7954800] [evidence TAS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 15272311] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 7029] [pmid 15272311] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum [goid 16320] [pmid 15272311] [evidence IMP]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity [goid 1912] [pmid 10450191] [evidence TAS]; Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues [goid 2227] [pmid 18390757] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6527] [pmid 7504305] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species [goid 6801] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water [goid 6809] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds [goid 43457] [pmid 10450191] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin [goid 50796] [pmid 8383325] [evidence IMP]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 50829] [pmid 18390757] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism [goid 51712] [pmid 7544003] [evidence IMP]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of tetracycline into, out of, within or between cells. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles) [goid 15904] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms [goid 46677] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructoselysine, a fructose molecule containing a lysine moiety in place of a hydroxyl group [goid 30393] [pmid 11016445] [evidence NAS]"
The process of directing proteins towards the Golgi using signals contained within the protein [goid 42] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 16962588] [evidence IMP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cell wall [goid 16998] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus [goid 9605] [pmid 1657140] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 8397829] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) [goid 30187] [evidence IEA]; Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism [goid 48511] [evidence IEA]
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7217] [evidence IEA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva [goid 46878] [evidence IEA]"
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 6812963] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 6304715] [evidence NAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information [goid 51276] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence NAS]"
"The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 1712490] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, usually causing an increase in blood pressure [goid 42310] [pmid 15769748] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [evidence IEA]"
"Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions [goid 375] [pmid 10982890] [evidence IMP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [evidence IEA]"
"A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 11483512] [evidence TAS]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 1846368] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway [goid 46425] [pmid 15034568] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote [goid 8595] [evidence NAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9050846] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7212] [evidence IEA]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [evidence IEA]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 11598191] [evidence NAS]"
"The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [pmid 10192385] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10192385] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [evidence IEA]; The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part [goid 7599] [pmid 11196645] [evidence NAS]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-methylmalonyl-CoA, the levorotatory isomer of 2-carboxypropanoyl-CoA. S-methylmalonyl-CoA is an intermediate in the beta oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids in animals [goid 46491] [pmid 11481338] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1890] [pmid 10995572] [evidence IEP]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 16956324] [evidence IDA]; A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of oxygen within an organism or cell [goid 32364] [pmid 16956324] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 43433] [pmid 16956324] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 16956324] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [pmid 12471024] [evidence TAS]; Any process that reduces the pH of the endosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 48388] [pmid 12471024] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component [goid 16043] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibiotic, a substance produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms [goid 17000] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism [goid 9404] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 7647802] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism [goid 9404] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 8077221] [evidence TAS]"
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7809072] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8812490] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 8812490] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 7590232] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12 [goid 45075] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a spermatid cell [goid 48515] [evidence ISS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8996089] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8996089] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7499420] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7796604] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9497259] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 43010] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 10915792] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45664] [pmid 10721722] [evidence NAS]"
"Process by which cytoskeletal filaments are directly or indirectly linked to the plasma membrane [goid 7016] [pmid 9694715] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8327473] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 8327473] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7669037] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 6373251] [evidence TAS]; The regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells [goid 9306] [pmid 2997153] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms [goid 8535] [pmid 16911509] [evidence IGI]; The process by which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane [goid 51204] [pmid 16911509] [evidence IGI]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9808624] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [pmid 15276183] [evidence EXP]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [evidence IEA]; The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis [goid 8637] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization [goid 30838] [evidence IEA]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 43010] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8808280] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 8808280] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [pmid 10514386] [evidence IDA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51259] [evidence ISS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 5513] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]; The process that modulates the membrane potential involved in the propagation of a signal in a neuron [goid 19228] [pmid 10692449] [evidence IDA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 12651155] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 1923511] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [evidence IEA]
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence ISS]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 16670267] [evidence IDA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin [goid 33632] [pmid 11772392] [evidence IDA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 7594462] [evidence IDA]"
"A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 9889007] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 6691] [pmid 8486631] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7898931] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 9367831] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [pmid 12659830] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6066] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 10373416] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template [goid 9303] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template [goid 9303] [pmid 9426281] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 11248242] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7479749] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11739746] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9744806] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal [goid 7600] [pmid 9744806] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 15539461] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 15539461] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 11853878] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [pmid 11853878] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [pmid 11853878] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 9395096] [evidence TAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6873] [pmid 99214639] [evidence IC ]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [pmid 99214639] [evidence NAS]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 99214639] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]"
The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 11106564] [evidence IGI]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 10359825] [evidence IGI]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins [goid 52548] [pmid 16298998] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 11311946] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7749980] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 1533223] [evidence TAS]
"The cell cycle process whereby replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets [goid 70] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 7088] [pmid 9430639] [evidence TAS]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9190] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate [goid 6182] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 1327579] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 10082481] [evidence TAS]"
"The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The process by which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes [goid 30220] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of coloring matter occurring during development [goid 48070] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9531558] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 9531558] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents [goid 8616] [pmid 11255023] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents [goid 8616] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; The process by which all major lipid classes are redistributed within the plasma membrane following cell activation or injury, resulting in surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Cell surface-exposed PS can serve as receptor sites for coagulation enzyme complexes, and contributes to cell clearance by the reticuloendothelial system [goid 17121] [pmid 9218461] [evidence TAS]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [pmid 9218461] [evidence NAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence NAS]
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi [goid 48280] [evidence IEA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 9405388] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 9405388] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [pmid 9405388] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10615131] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10615131] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 10615131] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Patterned activity of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7610] [pmid 11918424] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms [goid 9450] [pmid 15528998] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42135] [pmid 15528998] [evidence NAS]; A change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus [goid 48148] [evidence ISS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron [goid 21954] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 43491] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation [goid 48715] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence ISS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 10488071] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 10488071] [evidence TAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [pmid 2376596] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 15231831] [evidence EXP]
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKKK [goid 186] [evidence IEA]
"A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 11337497] [evidence IDA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 11337497] [evidence IDA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 10918594] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10640778] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 3872918] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 12120696] [evidence NAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 30101] [pmid 11987821] [evidence NAS]; The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation [goid 42100] [pmid 3135963] [evidence NAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection [goid 45089] [pmid 11987821] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I [goid 45343] [pmid 8805651] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of virus particles into the cell [goid 46597] [pmid 10963806] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence ISS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence ISS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51091] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51091] [evidence ISS]"
A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 8765026] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10049777] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10049777] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8790420] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [pmid 10049777] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 2466335] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair [goid 42640] [evidence IEA]; The deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring during development [goid 48066] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10727212] [evidence IDA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 14609955] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 14609955] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [pmid 14609955] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6555] [pmid 7546290] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication [goid 8215] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 45861] [pmid 14668352] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a protein from a cell or group of cells [goid 50708] [pmid 14668352] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of hormones into, out of, within or between cells [goid 9914] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 6561] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9736449] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides [goid 46685] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2771955] [evidence NAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9432024] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of, within or between cells. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 15914] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [pmid 8787677] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation of bone by the replacement of cartilage tissue with mineralized bone [goid 1958] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8668170] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function [goid 14037] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; The process by which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier [goid 42552] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development [goid 45682] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [pmid 9323129] [evidence TAS]; The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9323129] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10585455] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9673349] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 8586413] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8586413] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein [goid 22417] [pmid 14557246] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion [goid 43681] [pmid 14557246] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 1599432] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 1599432] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43124] [pmid 11551959] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 43280] [pmid 15030775] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell or group of cells [goid 50718] [pmid 15030775] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10458907] [evidence TAS]"
"Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 8663110] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8777713] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8663110] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8777713] [evidence TAS]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14644197] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [pmid 9311920] [evidence TAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [pmid 9751529] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9281591] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 9281591] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9813144] [evidence TAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 11919189] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 9438855] [evidence TAS]"
"The characteristic morphogenetic movements where the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceeding their future integration [goid 1947] [evidence ISS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a flagellum. In bacteria, this is a whiplike motility appendage present on the surface of some species; in eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella are composed of flagellin and have the same basic structure as cilia but are longer in proportion to the cell and present in much smaller numbers [goid 9296] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of, within or between cells [goid 32402] [evidence ISS]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [pmid 17574030] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue [goid 43588] [pmid 7507869] [evidence IDA]; Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 45109] [pmid 10218578] [evidence IMP]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9873016] [evidence NAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10597216] [evidence NAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11090615] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11090615] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10648625] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7870181] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 30163] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes [goid 43069] [pmid 16432160] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [pmid 7870181] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 8069916] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 9787077] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes [goid 7379] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes [goid 7379] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]"
"A system for the correction of errors introduced during DNA replication when an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination [goid 6298] [pmid 12095912] [evidence NAS]; The cell cycle process whereby the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination [goid 7130] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity [goid 7131] [pmid 12095912] [evidence NAS]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline [goid 7140] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline [goid 7144] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 11112787] [evidence IC ]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway [goid 17015] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [evidence ISS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 9417906] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [pmid 16996721] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10089879] [evidence TAS]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 1373175] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence ISS]; A process that increases long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers [goid 48170] [evidence ISS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [pmid 8537336] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 8537335] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of chloride ions across an epithelium [goid 30321] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9774444] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of dendrite are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 48813] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30001] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs [goid 43488] [pmid 11001948] [evidence NAS]
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9490415] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9490415] [evidence TAS]
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 9697706] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 9736733] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 9697706] [evidence TAS]"
"The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 11110709] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 7887897] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7887897] [evidence TAS]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant [goid 42360] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9602068] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7690959] [evidence NAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [evidence IEA]"
"Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [pmid 16225668] [evidence IMP]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle [goid 6600] [pmid 10893433] [evidence EXP]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 2324105] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10700184] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 10700184] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9620771] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9620771] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9620771] [evidence TAS]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [evidence IEA]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 8976381] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9608531] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [pmid 12504588] [evidence IDA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9608531] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [pmid 12504588] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 8209] [pmid 11294878] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium [goid 30855] [pmid 11304534] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants [goid 42448] [pmid 11294878] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A [goid 42572] [pmid 11304534] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative [goid 42904] [pmid 11304534] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative [goid 42904] [evidence ISS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 8209] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative [goid 42904] [evidence ISS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9806845] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6833] [pmid 9806845] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1437147] [evidence TAS]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group [goid 8033] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 9070310] [evidence TAS]
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 12152788] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells [goid 48146] [pmid 12577318] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7642548] [evidence NAS]; The specification of male sex of an individual organism [goid 30238] [evidence IEA]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence ISS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 15019943] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 21527] [pmid 15019943] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues [goid 8299] [pmid 8020941] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carotenoids, tetraterpenoid compounds in which two units of 4 isoprenoid residues joined head-to-tail are themselves joined tail-to-tail [goid 16117] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol [goid 45540] [pmid 11226224] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11444841] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10030672] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 12011095] [evidence IDA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10030672] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a progesterone binding to its receptor [goid 50847] [pmid 12011095] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 12609988] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 12878160] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [pmid 12878160] [evidence IMP]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation [goid 9953] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer [goid 43496] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade [goid 46329] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1678287] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2885844] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule [goid 42373] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation [goid 50820] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 1531127] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation [goid 46320] [pmid 16054041] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium [goid 1935] [pmid 14699157] [evidence IDA]; Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 14699157] [evidence IDA]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 12766944] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 14699157] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [pmid 14699157] [evidence IDA]; Any cell cycle checkpoint that blocks entry into S phase [goid 31575] [pmid 10656683] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 45930] [pmid 10656683] [evidence IMP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9328465] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III-specific promoter [goid 6383] [pmid 12391170] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands [goid 6278] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9576847] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [pmid 9576847] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7556175] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 8615752] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation [goid 30193] [pmid 17848177] [evidence IDA]"
"Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 9268706] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 10993894] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10993894] [evidence NAS]; Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament [goid 8154] [evidence ISS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10993894] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 10391943] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 10391943] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 10391943] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]"
"Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane [goid 6906] [pmid 9697774] [evidence IMP]; Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with the membrane of an endosome [goid 16189] [pmid 11741531] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs [goid 45022] [pmid 7768953] [evidence NAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9016955] [evidence TAS]"
"Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 9531558] [evidence IDA]; Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 11095956] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 7162] [pmid 9531558] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development [goid 16322] [pmid 11095956] [evidence IDA]"
"The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 11683387] [evidence IDA]"
"The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 10484776] [evidence IMP]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10484776] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Transport of a vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome [goid 48227] [pmid 11163216] [evidence NAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8639264] [evidence TAS]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12673577] [evidence IEP]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12673577] [evidence IEP]"
"Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways [goid 48286] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination [goid 7130] [pmid 10698974] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9671765] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9184226] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 15888726] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9083] [pmid 11839747] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9083] [evidence ISS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence ISS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [pmid 11839747] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-phosphohistidine, tele-phosphohistidine) or peptidyl-3'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-phosphohistidine, pros-phosphohistidine) [goid 18106] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [pmid 12526792] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 2527334] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 11470816] [evidence NAS]; The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones [goid 42026] [pmid 9660753] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide [goid 45429] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9405233] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6833] [pmid 9405233] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 9405233] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of glycerol into, out of, within or between cells. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 15793] [pmid 9405233] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus [goid 6997] [pmid 10441328] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9288099] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction [goid 6942] [pmid 2365354] [evidence NAS]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 2307934] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2307934] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 43392] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 43392] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a male gamete over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 7286] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation [goid 1937] [pmid 12345] [evidence IDA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 11911831] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9872942] [evidence NAS]; The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues [goid 7250] [pmid 11911831] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytokines, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity [goid 42107] [pmid 11911831] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10443688] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7629520] [evidence NAS]; The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects [goid 51384] [pmid 10443688] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 7907794] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7907794] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively [goid 42472] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7521911] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L enantiomer anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15813] [pmid 7521911] [evidence TAS]"
"The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division [goid 1787] [evidence ISS]; The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division [goid 1866] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 14625302] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9524226] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 14970218] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 8895518] [evidence IDA]; The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division [goid 1787] [evidence IEA]; The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division [goid 1866] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 16574069] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [pmid 16574069] [evidence NAS]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 15342707] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 10699171] [evidence NAS]; Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30041] [pmid 10699171] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]; Establishment and maturation of focal adhesions, complexes of intracellular signaling and structural proteins which provide a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity [goid 48041] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10612805] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [pmid 16449189] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation [goid 30968] [pmid 16449189] [evidence IDA]
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7920628] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42113] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 11714716] [evidence TAS]; The formation and assembly from one or more snRNA and multiple protein components of a ribonucleoprotein complex that in involved in formation of the spliceosome [goid 387] [pmid 15130578] [evidence EXP]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 11714716] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 8626390] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [pmid 10377395] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10377395] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 7696590] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin moiety [goid 46653] [pmid 8218174] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 2732228] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 11274158] [evidence NAS]; The process of making a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a barrier septum are not able to exchange intracellular material [goid 917] [evidence IEA]; Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [pmid 11274158] [evidence NAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 11274158] [evidence IMP]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [evidence ISS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis [goid 9826] [evidence ISS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis [goid 9826] [pmid 11274158] [evidence IMP]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis [goid 9826] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level [goid 9987] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues [goid 31953] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet [goid 35026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 11086988] [evidence ISS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process by which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons [goid 48699] [pmid 11086988] [evidence ISS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 9488738] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a DNA strand is synthesized from template DNA during replication by the action of polymerases, which add nucleotides to the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand [goid 6271] [pmid 7774928] [evidence TAS]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]"
"The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane [goid 6614] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation [goid 45900] [evidence IEA]; The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane [goid 6614] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation [goid 45900] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 9418896] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units [goid 5984] [pmid 2470345] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties [goid 30203] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8269511] [evidence NAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The maintenace of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase [goid 7004] [pmid 9822378] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [pmid 17026964] [evidence IDA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine [goid 18107] [pmid 17026964] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 9087410] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 9087410] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion [goid 6885] [pmid 8283968] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart [goid 7051] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic locomotor organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole [goid 42384] [pmid 15337773] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9288096] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 9288096] [evidence TAS]; The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release [goid 51085] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 12093360] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6519] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6519] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, and compounds derived from amino acids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6519] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-) [goid 19752] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 42423] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 86] [pmid 9469815] [evidence TAS]; Progression through anaphase, the stage of mitosis during which the two sets of chromosomes separate and move away from each other [goid 90] [pmid 9469815] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9469815] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 10793135] [evidence EXP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10100484] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10100484] [evidence TAS]; Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. The system requires the presence of a short ORF, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mRNA upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. Certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. The stalled ribosome masks a region of the mRNA and affects which of two alternative mRNA folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. Translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mRNA remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation [goid 9386] [pmid 10100484] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 1992489] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10811897] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 1992489] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 8096091] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10531052] [evidence IDA]; The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain) [goid 6509] [pmid 12354787] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-amyloid, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP) [goid 50435] [pmid 15080893] [evidence IDA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9003489] [evidence TAS]; Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules [goid 48255] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1280325] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through metaphase, the stage of mitosis at which chromosomes are firmly attached to the mitotic spindle at its equator but have not yet segregated to opposite poles [goid 89] [pmid 2022189] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis [goid 7079] [pmid 1406971] [evidence TAS]; The cell cycle process whereby chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis [goid 7080] [pmid 9363944] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules [goid 51382] [pmid 9763420] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 10022127] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group [goid 6040] [pmid 10206952] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid [goid 6664] [pmid 10206952] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a lipoyl group to an amino acid residue in a protein [goid 9249] [pmid 10206952] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 10226785] [evidence NAS]
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10744659] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10744659] [evidence IDA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins [goid 9088] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10913337] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Ketone bodies can be used as an energy source as an alternative to glucose. Utilization of ketone bodies in peripheral tissues involves conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA, which is then converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA [goid 46952] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [pmid 7829074] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom [goid 6479] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9802272] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10814504] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10814504] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9409] [pmid 9813009] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any biological process in an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours [goid 7623] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 1695905] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 1695905] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9734353] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis, the process by which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes [goid 40020] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 15029244] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups [goid 6595] [pmid 9428668] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [pmid 9837933] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation [goid 16197] [pmid 9837933] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of copper ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6878] [pmid 15910549] [evidence TAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism [goid 50905] [pmid 7593229] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 9628588] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"Process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment [goid 1709] [pmid 12051741] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 11453658] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 12051741] [evidence IDA]; The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation [goid 9953] [pmid 12051741] [evidence NAS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 48704] [pmid 12051741] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 46836] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8134123] [evidence TAS]
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12901880] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 11741952] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 12681488] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism [goid 40009] [pmid 12681488] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8253813] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence ISS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9134503] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9134503] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of acetylcholine into, out of, within or between cells. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions [goid 15870] [pmid 8071310] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 12545177] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns [goid 7163] [pmid 14676191] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 14676191] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [pmid 14676191] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 1692159] [evidence TAS]; The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways [goid 42554] [pmid 7938008] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 7938008] [evidence TAS]; A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals [goid 45730] [pmid 7938008] [evidence TAS]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2173145] [evidence NAS]"
"The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal [goid 1580] [pmid 16720576] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 16720576] [evidence IC ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9822672] [evidence TAS]
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 6071] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues [goid 6651] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol [goid 19432] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine [goid 50892] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand [goid 45055] [evidence ISS]; The process by which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation [goid 48199] [evidence ISS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 14660601] [evidence NAS]; The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [pmid 12052837] [evidence NAS]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 11483512] [evidence TAS]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 9468317] [evidence NAS]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 1846368] [evidence EXP]"
"Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons [goid 6388] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons [goid 6388] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence ISS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (Pol I), originating at a Pol I-specific promoter [goid 6360] [pmid 9540830] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol [goid 19432] [pmid 15364929] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol [goid 19433] [pmid 15364929] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9757009] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [goid 7223] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9757009] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid [goid 6559] [pmid 9417084] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid [goid 6572] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [pmid 11208865] [evidence IEP]; The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis [goid 30263] [pmid 10490026] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation [goid 45657] [pmid 12393560] [evidence IEP]"
"The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 14871887] [evidence IMP]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins [goid 10466] [pmid 6203523] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]"
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 11533059] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 11533059] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus [goid 9725] [pmid 11533059] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11533059] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [pmid 11385575] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate [goid 46032] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IDP, inosine 5'-diphosphate [goid 46709] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers [goid 7518] [pmid 7756174] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 7527] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell [goid 42692] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 2107550] [evidence TAS]; The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 9425898] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism [goid 9404] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving arsonoacetate, a synthetic, organic compound containing a single arsenic atom. Arsonoacetate and other arsenic containing compounds are used in agricultural applications as animal feed additives, cotton defoliants and post-emergence grass herbicides [goid 18872] [evidence ISS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 9756910] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [pmid 11352640] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [pmid 11181564] [evidence IC ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione [goid 6790] [pmid 11352640] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues [goid 18146] [pmid 11278593] [evidence IDA]"
"The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [evidence IEA]; The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo [goid 1756] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 11260262] [evidence NAS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the tail are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The tail is the hindmost part of some animals [goid 35121] [evidence IEA]; Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism [goid 48511] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles [goid 48193] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9233818] [evidence TAS]"
"Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate [goid 7044] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 1423622] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 15609325] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism [goid 9611] [pmid 7989369] [evidence NAS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence NAS]; The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury [goid 42060] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9877179] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 10343108] [evidence TAS]; The assembly of a filopodium, a very long microspike extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or by the growth cone of a developing nerve cell axon [goid 46847] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence ISS]; The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [evidence ISS]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 10812074] [evidence TAS]; Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [pmid 2987268] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex [goid 51131] [pmid 10972085] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 7507208] [evidence IDA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 7488099] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6220] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine) [goid 9116] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9166] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids [goid 46108] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 1630447] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 1630447] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any type I interferon. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families [goid 45351] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 10049785] [evidence TAS]; The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6432] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12237128] [evidence IDA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10552935] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 10552935] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella [goid 1539] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30030] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [evidence IEA]"
"In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase [goid 6284] [pmid 12161446] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar [goid 45008] [pmid 11937636] [evidence EXP]; The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar [goid 45008] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 7736582] [evidence TAS]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 7736582] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7736582] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 7736582] [evidence TAS]"
The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11779858] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 2380264] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria [goid 50873] [evidence ISS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7493031] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 10458166] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [pmid 10458166] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 10458166] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [pmid 10458166] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple moieties, are covalently attached to the target protein, thereby initiating the degradation of that protein [goid 42787] [pmid 10458166] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 1322358] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism [goid 8344] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9214] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 7835889] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50730] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 1382605] [evidence TAS]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10438519] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50730] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9096357] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8094082] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 9153275] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10053005] [evidence TAS]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte [goid 7309] [pmid 10053005] [evidence TAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8298652] [evidence TAS]; Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself [goid 6349] [pmid 8968759] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 6382022] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 1845984] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 32583] [pmid 12881524] [evidence NAS]"
"The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein [goid 19886] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10747865] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex [goid 51131] [pmid 10747865] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [pmid 10318803] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 19276] [pmid 10318803] [evidence IDA]"
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8077657] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid [goid 43550] [pmid 16286473] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 7782067] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 10733931] [evidence IDA]
"The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments [goid 266] [pmid 18207745] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 18213395] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]; Any process by which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell [goid 51646] [pmid 18213395] [evidence IMP]"
"The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse [goid 7270] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10662549] [evidence TAS]; The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time [goid 7611] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 45745] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) mediates an increase in rate or extent of transcription of nuclear target genes in response to altered levels of one or more lipids. SREBPs are transcription factors that bind sterol regulatory elements (SREs), DNA motifs in the promoters of target genes [goid 35104] [pmid 16112081] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts [goid 51496] [pmid 16112081] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 8223854] [evidence IDA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]; A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals [goid 45730] [pmid 8223854] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides [goid 738] [pmid 97382277] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 11401564] [evidence IDA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9569007] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 12594219] [evidence IDA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [pmid 98228245] [evidence TAS]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 3136546] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 3136546] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 3136546] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 3136546] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10642437] [evidence TAS]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 9736772] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule [goid 16311] [evidence IEA]
"The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes [goid 1570] [evidence ISS]; The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system [goid 1980] [evidence ISS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction [goid 6937] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32780] [pmid 10806205] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32780] [pmid 11735257] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 32780] [pmid 7957210] [evidence IDA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 55010] [pmid 11815426] [evidence IMP]; Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue [goid 60048] [pmid 11735257] [evidence IMP]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6826] [pmid 10950931] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [pmid 11950833] [evidence NAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 11950833] [evidence NAS]; The series of successive proteolytic cleavage events that take place after a Notch receptor binds a ligand, and which lead to the release of the Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), which is the active form of the receptor [goid 7220] [evidence IEA]; The biosynthesis of a synapse [goid 7416] [pmid 11950833] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 11950833] [evidence IEP]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell [goid 10001] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibres are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast [goid 48741] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence NAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [pmid 7719709] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane [goid 42391] [pmid 11124978] [evidence IDA]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 10402192] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 1977660] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8626678] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7193] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8034709] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9214382] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 3143918] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 7957045] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine [goid 33138] [pmid 7508917] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade [goid 43410] [pmid 7508917] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation [goid 45651] [pmid 7957045] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 7508917] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell or group of cells [goid 46888] [pmid 7867561] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [pmid 7508917] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 9037075] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9037075] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus [goid 9268] [pmid 9062189] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane [goid 6996] [pmid 9782088] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 8045] [evidence IEA]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7716543] [evidence NAS]
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 9806765] [evidence TAS]"
"Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template [goid 731] [pmid 17563354] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair [goid 6282] [pmid 10398605] [evidence TAS]; The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers [goid 6290] [evidence IEA]; Pathways for DNA repair which occur after DNA has replicated, e.g. mismatch repair, and which involve translesion synthesis (TLS-type) DNA polymerases [goid 6301] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 290 nm [goid 10225] [pmid 17563354] [evidence IDA]; The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers [goid 6290] [evidence IEA]; Pathways for DNA repair which occur after DNA has replicated, e.g. mismatch repair, and which involve translesion synthesis (TLS-type) DNA polymerases [goid 6301] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10588740] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a male gamete over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell [goid 7286] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9207119] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 9207119] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9207119] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9207119] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9207119] [evidence TAS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7539673] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft [goid 1504] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [pmid 17310996] [evidence ISS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 8041632] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid [goid 6552] [pmid 11170888] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions [goid 6768] [pmid 11401427] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10867017] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of B cells, T cells, or natural killer cells [goid 30098] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage [goid 30225] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils [goid 30851] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin [goid 43011] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent transcription of a specific gene or genes [goid 43193] [pmid 12833137] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation [goid 45646] [pmid 12833137] [evidence IMP]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9158139] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 9682218] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [pmid 9682218] [evidence TAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 31145] [pmid 11285280] [evidence EXP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51436] [pmid 14593737] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin ligase activity during the mitotic cell cycle [goid 51437] [pmid 12791267] [evidence EXP]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7716521] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 7716521] [evidence TAS]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 10100858] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11279123] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8386108] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10686191] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that establish the spatial arrangement of mitochondria between and within cells [goid 48311] [pmid 17349998] [evidence IMP]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 1733778] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 1608964] [evidence TAS]"
"Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 9207457] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10512675] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 15024079] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [evidence IEA]; The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function [goid 14002] [evidence IEA]; The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus [goid 21979] [evidence IEA]; The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation [goid 21985] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size [goid 40018] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process whereby relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features [goid 45595] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron [goid 50770] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate [goid 48468] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [pmid 7499431] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-phosphohistidine, tele-phosphohistidine) or peptidyl-3'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-phosphohistidine, pros-phosphohistidine) [goid 18106] [evidence IEA]"
The removal of an amino group from a protein amino acid [goid 18277] [pmid 7689553] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 7689553] [evidence TAS]
"The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature [goid 1764] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region [goid 21952] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Long distance growth of a single process [goid 48675] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of dendrite are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 48813] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled [goid 2026] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [pmid 7954791] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 48738] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10198638] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10531035] [evidence TAS]"
"The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes [goid 1570] [evidence IEA]; The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin [goid 1892] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9434189] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [pmid 8901575] [evidence IMP]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [pmid 8901575] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 12218053] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 9516461] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence ISS]; The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another [goid 48589] [evidence ISS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one [goid 6308] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of metal ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6875] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10799510] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7530216] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10373512] [evidence IDA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives [goid 9396] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid [goid 15942] [pmid 8522195] [evidence NAS]"
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 7609734] [evidence TAS]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation [goid 45604] [evidence IEA]"
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 7499264] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation [goid 16197] [pmid 11062261] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [pmid 1709304] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose moiety of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12 [goid 6014] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10341080] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester [goid 15937] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 11279069] [evidence NAS]
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10395895] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9582273] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease [goid 42493] [pmid 9582273] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in regeneration of the neuron [goid 48677] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 11913944] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase [goid 7249] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 8013627] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 8688094] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine [goid 18108] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 15046600] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6422] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [pmid 2393404] [evidence IMP]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [pmid 11641396] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45070] [pmid 11641396] [evidence IDA]; Any process that increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell [goid 46726] [pmid 11641396] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome [goid 46782] [pmid 11641396] [evidence IDA]; Any host process that results in the inhibition of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction [goid 50689] [pmid 11641396] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45070] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome [goid 46782] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 2011739] [evidence TAS]"
"The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones [goid 6590] [pmid 1400883] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone [goid 42446] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1572663] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence NAS]; Behavior associated with the intake of food [goid 7631] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 15231831] [evidence EXP]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose [goid 6004] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10620008] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9799793] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9763671] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9763671] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide [goid 42732] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 11073942] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 11073942] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 11073942] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 11073942] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 11073942] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [pmid 2465923] [evidence TAS]"
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [pmid 10588992] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 10588992] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione [goid 6790] [pmid 11445554] [evidence IDA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10988300] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans [goid 30166] [pmid 10988300] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone [goid 42446] [pmid 10988300] [evidence IEP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 2363050] [evidence TAS]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10893425] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10893425] [evidence TAS]; The formation of phosphatidylcholines via the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol [goid 6657] [pmid 10893425] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli [goid 6663] [pmid 10893425] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caspase activity [goid 43154] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence NAS]
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 2492107] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose [goid 6012] [pmid 9010752] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of, within or between cells. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative [goid 15780] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of UDP-galactose into, out of, within or between cells. UDP-galactose is a substance composed of galactose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 15785] [pmid 9010752] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, through the nuclear pore and across the nuclear envelope [goid 60] [pmid 7615630] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 7627554] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6610] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10222154] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein [goid 6626] [pmid 10339406] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 10329445] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11252894] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 10438512] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9584154] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of, within or between cells. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages [goid 6857] [evidence IEA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30833] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30833] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence ISS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 8884281] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8884281] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8884281] [evidence TAS]"
"Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles [goid 6898] [pmid 8844170] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 8733128] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9382921] [evidence TAS]"
"Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 10814707] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production [goid 32703] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42130] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10725748] [evidence IDA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9725262] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10725748] [evidence IDA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [pmid 10438939] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 10438939] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding [goid 30593] [pmid 10820279] [evidence IDA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 42119] [pmid 10878382] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach [goid 30157] [pmid 1429581] [evidence IDA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 9524259] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2920728] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid [goid 19344] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 9592121] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8808280] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8365415] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 8808280] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 9751710] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [pmid 9751710] [evidence NAS]"
"Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg [goid 30704] [evidence IEA]; Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg [goid 30704] [evidence IEA]"
"Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentine-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentine-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and are composed mainly of dentine, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel [goid 42475] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8084614] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [pmid 8084614] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8084614] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51928] [pmid 16733527] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51928] [pmid 16766533] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51928] [pmid 16645049] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51928] [pmid 16807233] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 8700837] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8700837] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8700837] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 8700837] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation [goid 45648] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline [goid 6656] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 6661] [pmid 7961848] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7961848] [evidence NAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8662589] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a phosphoinositide, a class of substances comprising phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives [goid 46854] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphoinositide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 48015] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins [goid 6013] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8473338] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8473338] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 11562499] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the origin and formation of neurons [goid 50769] [pmid 8226833] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 9124315] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15858] [pmid 9124315] [evidence TAS]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size [goid 40014] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6725] [evidence IEA]"
"The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus [goid 9991] [pmid 16289379] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15669] [pmid 9988267] [evidence IMP]; The process by which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte [goid 30218] [pmid 16289379] [evidence IMP]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome [goid 48856] [pmid 9988267] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cell [goid 51272] [pmid 16289379] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2342480] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2342480] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9598317] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9753324] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9614075] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 9614075] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9753324] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9753324] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9753324] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in nerve cell axons [goid 8088] [pmid 9822620] [evidence TAS]"
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule [goid 43631] [evidence IEA]
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10742114] [evidence IMP]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 7954800] [evidence IPI]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 7954800] [evidence TAS]"
"Cell motility due to movement of cilia or flagella [goid 1539] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10625670] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 16960802] [evidence IMP]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1840698] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 8347598] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [evidence IEA]; The migration of epithelial cells along or through a wound gap to reestablish a continuous epithelium [goid 35313] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation [goid 48661] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration [goid 51549] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 9565616] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [pmid 10945468] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [pmid 10405324] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. For example a leg, arm or some types of fin [goid 60173] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10821850] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 15199122] [evidence IDA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo [goid 35162] [pmid 15618964] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 15684077] [evidence IDA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7565758] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7565758] [evidence TAS]; Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism [goid 48511] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules [goid 7031] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules [goid 7031] [pmid 12924628] [evidence IMP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules [goid 7031] [pmid 10958759] [evidence IMP]; The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import [goid 45046] [pmid 15007061] [evidence IMP]"
"The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 6665] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine [goid 6686] [pmid 14685263] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2466334] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 2466334] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 10608765] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 7159] [pmid 10608765] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [goid 9103] [evidence IEA]"
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 9192898] [evidence TAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9050918] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [pmid 9050918] [evidence TAS]"
"The process by which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands [goid 32508] [pmid 12466530] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9478973] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 96215313] [evidence NAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence NAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 96215313] [evidence NAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 96215313] [evidence NAS]"
The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl moiety to a protein amino acid [goid 18348] [pmid 8106351] [evidence TAS]
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8825637] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry [goid 7368] [pmid 9865700] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons [goid 8089] [pmid 7559760] [evidence TAS]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 30539] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42036] [pmid 11111040] [evidence NAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9422736] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [pmid 9422736] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6424] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6424] [evidence IEA]"
"A signal transduction based surveillance mechanism that prevents the initiation of mitosis until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome [goid 76] [pmid 9660782] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 9660782] [evidence TAS]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation [goid 7548] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 8039723] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 9705830] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8227122] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures [goid 7028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins [goid 47496] [evidence ISS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 11266451] [evidence NAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 2378615] [evidence NAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 2007850] [evidence TAS]
"Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9311998] [evidence TAS]; The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues [goid 7250] [pmid 9430227] [evidence NAS]; The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues [goid 7250] [pmid 11464292] [evidence NAS];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9311998] [evidence NAS]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14644197] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 10549288] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process by which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA [goid 6353] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The conversion of N-linked glycan structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking [goid 6491] [pmid 9592125] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 1388271] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10787416] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 10787416] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]"
"The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline [goid 1843] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions) [goid 30900] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10206990] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another [goid 6518] [pmid 10206990] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 11056392] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 9733834] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 9733834] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12 [goid 45084] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 8041726] [evidence TAS]"
"The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA [goid 6413] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells [goid 50909] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8629] [pmid 15122315] [evidence NAS]; Interactions, directly with the host cell macromolecular machinery, to allow virus replication [goid 19048] [pmid 14990717] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30511] [pmid 14678985] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade [goid 46330] [pmid 14678985] [evidence IMP]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 1310900] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10913253] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process by which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body [goid 8016] [pmid 15598648] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IPI]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [pmid 8333863] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants [goid 8210] [pmid 8333863] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6833] [pmid 8855281] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 7559426] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7528931] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 7528931] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9414125] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9414125] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components [goid 10524] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling [goid 50850] [pmid 17895406] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8089075] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8089075] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse [goid 7270] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8302579] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [pmid 9325046] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 11320098] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15671] [pmid 11919282] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The generation and maintenance of gametes. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell [goid 7276] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 10523663] [evidence TAS]"
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [pmid 2546150] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 10888605] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 12079284] [evidence NAS]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10941844] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10941844] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 9192857] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8034131] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 18230666] [evidence IMP]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism [goid 34101] [pmid 17186470] [evidence IMP]; Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism [goid 34101] [pmid 18230666] [evidence IMP]; The formation of the constituents of the small ribosomal subunit, their assembly, and their transport to the sites of protein synthesis [goid 42274] [pmid 18230666] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7876223] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7876223] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 3087818] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 3087818] [evidence TAS]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 3839198] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 48008] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10835346] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol moiety is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate moiety, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage [goid 6506] [pmid 16280320] [evidence TAS]; The glycosylation of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue by the transfer of alpha-mannopyranose from dolichyl-activated mannose to the indole ring [goid 18406] [pmid 16280320] [evidence TAS]; The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage [goid 35269] [pmid 16280320] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion [goid 6264] [evidence IEA]; Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template [goid 6287] [pmid 15177179] [evidence IDA]; The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility [goid 7568] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 12731883] [evidence IDA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30307] [pmid 12731883] [evidence TAS]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [pmid 12731883] [evidence IDA]; The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells [goid 30574] [pmid 16192646] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 45785] [pmid 12731883] [evidence TAS]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7622068] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 1918003] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxin stimulus [goid 9636] [pmid 1918003] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 8900170] [evidence TAS]; The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane [goid 16254] [pmid 11102867] [evidence EXP]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9045627] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8912632] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9614071] [evidence TAS]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants [goid 5983] [pmid 9446624] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 10712613] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 8812458] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 8812458] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex [goid 51131] [pmid 8812458] [evidence TAS]"
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [evidence IEA]
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]
"The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein [goid 6626] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8841189] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The import of proteins into the mitochondria inner membrane. Inner membrane proteins are first imported into the matrix space where the matrix-targeting sequence is removed; how these proteins then are incorporated into the inner membrane is not known [goid 45039] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10679202] [evidence NAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 11062248] [evidence NAS]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence NAS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands [goid 6777] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands [goid 43545] [pmid 11302742] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine [goid 42423] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9079806] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9382880] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9079806] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9382880] [evidence TAS]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce a cyst of haploid spermatids [goid 48137] [evidence IEA]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 9405610] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 17102137] [evidence IMP]; A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the S phase of the cell cycle [goid 33261] [pmid 17102137] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 9430655] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of phosphate ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 30643] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out) [goid 32415] [pmid 9560162] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 7876235] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 11698403] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose) [goid 42355] [pmid 11698403] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 8325877] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage [goid 718] [pmid 10583946] [evidence EXP]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 9620767] [evidence TAS]"
"A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function [goid 1894] [pmid 15782130] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 15905410] [evidence NAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 15632137] [evidence NAS]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 15905410] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing [goid 31441] [pmid 15905410] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule [goid 42325] [pmid 15782130] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [pmid 15782130] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 15265711] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 45732] [pmid 15905410] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 46826] [pmid 15265711] [evidence IDA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 290 to 320 nm [goid 10224] [pmid 16639001] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The formation of an isopeptide cross-link between peptidyl-lysine and peptidyl-glutamine to produce N6-(L-isoglutamyl)-L-lysine [goid 18153] [pmid 1601889] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 10908733] [evidence IDA]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or non-covalent attachment of lipid moieties to an amino acid in a protein [goid 6497] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 1439810] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving triacylglycerol, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triacylglycerols are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins [goid 6641] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]"
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 9115275] [evidence IMP]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 9115275] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 14735464] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 11577081] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 9115275] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [pmid 14735464] [evidence IMP]
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9931435] [evidence TAS]
"The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 9094723] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules [goid 1578] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell [goid 16358] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 8405411] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 1337145] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 8961277] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8628] [pmid 8961277] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10381362] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9015377] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 9015377] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 2327978] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine into, out of, within or between cells. UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 15789] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate [goid 30206] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes [goid 6958] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9461517] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex [goid 244] [pmid 11867543] [evidence IDA]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 11867543] [evidence IDA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells [goid 32465] [pmid 16760425] [evidence IMP]; The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized [goid 51298] [pmid 16760425] [evidence IMP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [pmid 12370315] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 12370315] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of syncytia-forming cell-cell fusion, caused by a virus [goid 6948] [evidence ISS]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [evidence ISS]"
Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents [goid 30277] [pmid 7680650] [evidence NAS]
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics [goid 43627] [pmid 10037815] [evidence IEP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The myofibril assembly process by which the muscle actomyosin is organized into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs [goid 45214] [pmid 16000376] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9890973] [evidence IDA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9890973] [evidence IDA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 9890973] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8530503] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm [goid 7369] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of lipids into, out of, within or between cells. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 6869] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [pmid 10588946] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 11279184] [evidence NAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 12707035] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 10698685] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis [goid 45766] [pmid 11953136] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase [goid 51005] [evidence ISS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin [goid 6325] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10585455] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 3839290] [evidence TAS]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state [goid 43249] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis [goid 51045] [pmid 12714508] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11024289] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 11024289] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH [goid 9435] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages [goid 5977] [pmid 9402963] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9402963] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10741397] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8639485] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8639485] [evidence TAS]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 10201901] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10393923] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 10201901] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10679098] [evidence TAS]; The set of processes involved in the start of virus infection of cells [goid 19059] [pmid 12091904] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 2204029] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [pmid 12202768] [evidence NAS]; Heritable alterations in the activity of a gene that depend on whether it passed through the paternal or the maternal germline, but that are not encoded by DNA itself [goid 6349] [pmid 12202768] [evidence NAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11934864] [evidence NAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [pmid 9348540] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm [goid 6913] [pmid 9348540] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance [goid 1503] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 3201241] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate [goid 51216] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 7760808] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 7644498] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16338] [evidence ISS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]"
The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure [goid 8217] [pmid 8406464] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 9119360] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [pmid 7689221] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 7689221] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7689221] [evidence IEP]"
"The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs [goid 1522] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [pmid 10556300] [evidence TAS]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 9590285] [evidence TAS]; The maintenace of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase [goid 7004] [pmid 10591218] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 10591218] [evidence TAS]; The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs [goid 1522] [evidence IEA]; The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs [goid 1522] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 15261140] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 12169688] [evidence IDA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 7913207] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 15261140] [evidence NAS]; The modification of histones by addition of acetyl groups [goid 16573] [pmid 11742995] [evidence IDA]; The acetylation of the N-terminal lysine of proteins [goid 18076] [pmid 12435739] [evidence IDA]; Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium [goid 42592] [pmid 15261140] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 11742995] [evidence IDA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 9417100] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9312] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis [goid 6269] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]"
"A cyclic metabolic pathway that converts waste nitrogen in the form of ammonium to urea [goid 50] [pmid 2358466] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6526] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6526] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6526] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid [goid 6526] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding [goid 30593] [evidence IEA]; The migration of leukocytes from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue [goid 45123] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting [goid 48671] [evidence IEA]; Long distance growth of a single process [goid 48675] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 7524919] [evidence TAS]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [pmid 12598329] [evidence IDA]; A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines [goid 32980] [pmid 12598329] [evidence IDA]; The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin [goid 43616] [pmid 12598329] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of keratinocytes, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another [goid 51546] [pmid 15737202] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9826775] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [pmid 9501099] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9826775] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9501099] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [pmid 12711699] [evidence IMP]; The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits [goid 51016] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7189] [evidence IEA]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 8910577] [evidence TAS]"
"Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [pmid 9006902] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 15001576] [evidence IDA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10381382] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 2775266] [evidence TAS]; Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament [goid 30041] [pmid 9843499] [evidence TAS]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 10922362] [evidence IEP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [pmid 10708769] [evidence IEP]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a peptide neurotransmitter binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7218] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8824795] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of levorotatory isomer amino acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15807] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 8559248] [evidence TAS]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [pmid 12809483] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 12809483] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development [goid 40008] [pmid 9927190] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2465923] [evidence TAS]"
Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10544240] [evidence TAS]; The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [pmid 10544240] [evidence TAS]"
"The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 7493032] [evidence TAS]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping [goid 30326] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight [goid 1654] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 8552191] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8548810] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase [goid 185] [pmid 14743216] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 14743216] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 15001576] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade [goid 43410] [pmid 15001576] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9083] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 17029291] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills [goid 21549] [pmid 11588169] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of S phase of mitotic cell cycle activity [goid 45749] [pmid 17029291] [evidence ISS]"
The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [pmid 11481438] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [pmid 11481438] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus [goid 51168] [pmid 16209721] [evidence IDA]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2 [goid 45085] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity [goid 45954] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation [goid 50868] [evidence IEA]"
"Oxidation of two organic sulfhydryl groups (thiols) by a disulfide compound to form a disulfide bond [goid 6467] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; Oxidation of two organic sulfhydryl groups (thiols) by a disulfide compound to form a disulfide bond [goid 6467] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9585501] [evidence NAS]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis [goid 9952] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10640805] [evidence NAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 9795116] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [pmid 9795116] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 7969172] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 8654373] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 10431248] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11134351] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11805826] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code) [goid 6415] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code) [goid 6415] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [pmid 7698750] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The process by which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses [goid 6098] [pmid 10518023] [evidence TAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [pmid 8674117] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10747910] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9286705] [evidence NAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 9286705] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 10899995] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 9223] [pmid 10899995] [evidence TAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 11012666] [evidence NAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11012666] [evidence TAS]
"The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment [goid 1708] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 9933572] [evidence TAS]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9888994] [evidence TAS]; The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts [goid 1707] [evidence IEA]; The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment [goid 1708] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 7017] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10422847] [evidence TAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9199196] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction [goid 16339] [pmid 9199196] [evidence NAS]"
"The process by which individual somites establish identity during embryogenesis [goid 1757] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7713505] [evidence TAS]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 7713505] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence ISS]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential [goid 51899] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents [goid 18] [pmid 8052633] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane [goid 6607] [pmid 7754385] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6171] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]"
"The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult muscle that occurs in the anima. In vertebrate skeletal muscle the main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers [goid 7519] [pmid 2304459] [evidence TAS]; The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated [goid 30049] [pmid 2304459] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 6047] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 19276] [pmid 14688233] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 19276] [pmid 12678917] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell [goid 22408] [pmid 16024623] [evidence IDA]; Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule [goid 30259] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11064105] [evidence NAS]
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in neurons [goid 43523] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 10704531] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [goid 9103] [pmid 10704531] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 12429024] [evidence IDA]; A cascade of processes initiated by the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) [goid 8630] [pmid 10619428] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 9787081] [evidence NAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus [goid 46686] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9826538] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 8661005] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12151104] [evidence IEP]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [pmid 9007731] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10415358] [evidence TAS]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2365683] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8816493] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8816493] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity) [goid 31536] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively [goid 42472] [evidence IEA]; The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field [goid 45165] [evidence IEA]"
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 51607] [pmid 16982913] [evidence IDA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 51607] [pmid 16108059] [evidence IDA]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 51607] [pmid 9391139] [evidence IDA]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 7964459] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 7964459] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II [goid 45347] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein [goid 6626] [pmid 1326278] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [pmid 16822554] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [pmid 16822554] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 16822554] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 16822554] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 16822554] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of, within or between cells [goid 32374] [pmid 16822554] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions [goid 7626] [evidence IEA]; Behavior that occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group [goid 35176] [evidence IEA]; Female behaviors associated with the care and rearing of offspring [goid 42711] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10200294] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 10777568] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9187] [pmid 10777568] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [pmid 10777568] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a cyclic nucleotide to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19935] [pmid 10777568] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 46831] [pmid 10777568] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [pmid 10777568] [evidence TAS]"
"The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9126610] [evidence TAS]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8670277] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7179] [pmid 8679252] [evidence TAS]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen [goid 45725] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation [goid 46321] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle [goid 46326] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [evidence IEA]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 2216457] [evidence TAS]
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 11133773] [evidence NAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 11133773] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 11133773] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 16935860] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence NAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 1694014] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 2271120] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte [goid 30318] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell [goid 32400] [evidence IEA]; The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell [goid 43473] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles [goid 6892] [pmid 7671305] [evidence TAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9919311] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 9919311] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate moiety at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of its glycose moiety [goid 6164] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate [goid 6189] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine [goid 9113] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein [goid 1932] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication [goid 6275] [evidence ISS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 15882442] [evidence IDA]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [pmid 16139227] [evidence IMP]; Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell [goid 30032] [pmid 16139227] [evidence IMP]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B [goid 32148] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 32956] [pmid 16139227] [evidence IMP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 42127] [evidence ISS]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [pmid 10352938] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 7983011] [evidence TAS]; A cascade of protein kinase activities, culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a member of the JUN kinase subfamily of stress-activated protein kinases, which in turn are a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases that is activated primarily by cytokines and exposure to environmental stress [goid 7254] [pmid 9353328] [evidence ISS]; The modification of histones by addition of phosphate groups [goid 16572] [evidence ISS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine [goid 18105] [evidence ISS]; The posttranslational phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine [goid 18107] [evidence ISS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 9353328] [evidence ISS]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 8813377] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a lipoyl group to an amino acid residue in a protein [goid 9249] [pmid 8813377] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [pmid 3203696] [evidence IEP]"
"The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8668213] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 15790681] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]
The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules [goid 2474] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7624800] [evidence TAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex [goid 19882] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes [goid 6633] [pmid 12882974] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 12882974] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate [goid 7389] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain [goid 21798] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb [goid 21889] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed [goid 48665] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon [goid 60163] [evidence IEA]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 8001976] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2110658] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9266848] [evidence TAS]"
"Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle [goid 7052] [pmid 8548803] [evidence TAS]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [pmid 8548803] [evidence TAS]; Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle [goid 7100] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle pole body (SPB). The SPB is the microtubule organizing center in fungi, and is functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome [goid 51300] [pmid 14718566] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through G1 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G1 is the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis [goid 80] [pmid 7680771] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [pmid 15053879] [evidence TAS]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 7929457] [evidence TAS]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 10534406] [evidence NAS]; Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 10749927] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones [goid 6695] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7916655] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 7916655] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-12 [goid 45084] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes [goid 48535] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans [goid 1694] [pmid 10318872] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 17148] [pmid 10318872] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [pmid 10318872] [evidence IDA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 42119] [pmid 10318872] [evidence IDA]; The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways [goid 42554] [pmid 10318872] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8 [goid 45416] [pmid 10318872] [evidence IDA]; The change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors [goid 45575] [pmid 10318872] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 3000607] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium [goid 45446] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG [goid 6890] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]; The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat [goid 48205] [pmid 16956762] [evidence EXP]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [pmid 9446565] [evidence TAS]; The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane [goid 6944] [pmid 9446565] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9446565] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 9446565] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers [goid 9411] [pmid 9297979] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 30162] [pmid 10512713] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [goid 6406] [pmid 7634337] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 8349667] [evidence IMP]; The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein [goid 51725] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 15016378] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 15016378] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9765390] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 10386598] [evidence TAS]; The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [pmid 11698403] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose) [goid 42355] [pmid 11698403] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 12401809] [evidence IDA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7590751] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 1341900] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 1341900] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11018023] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light [goid 9649] [pmid 11018023] [evidence NAS]; Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism [goid 48511] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2583089] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2583089] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings [goid 8037] [pmid 2583089] [evidence TAS]; The orderly movement of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system [goid 8347] [pmid 18431253] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction [goid 6937] [pmid 2526655] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9660755] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9114008] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 10884438] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [pmid 9114008] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of nonidentical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51291] [pmid 15485874] [evidence IDA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10051670] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10051670] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [pmid 10051670] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 9000136] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 12397388] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 10548550] [evidence TAS]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 10548550] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place [goid 7339] [evidence IEA]; The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm [goid 7341] [evidence ISS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [evidence ISS]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10744718] [evidence NAS]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2444974] [evidence NAS]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [pmid 2444974] [evidence ISS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2439501] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10429193] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8937994] [evidence NAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This muscle is found in Nematodes [goid 7525] [pmid 7739042] [evidence NAS]; Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell [goid 30832] [pmid 7739042] [evidence NAS]"
"The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 9878253] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms [goid 8535] [pmid 9878253] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 8610] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 10761931] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 10761931] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes [goid 48304] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus [goid 50776] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10918068] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 10918068] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; Movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins [goid 7018] [evidence IEA]; The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors [goid 42267] [pmid 11120798] [evidence NAS]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH [goid 9435] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH [goid 9435] [evidence IEA]"
The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development [goid 16322] [evidence IEA]
"The posttranslational octanoylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-octanoyl-L-serine, typical of the protein ghrelin [goid 18191] [pmid 18443287] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9915796] [evidence TAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis [goid 17157] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 7706237] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 7706237] [evidence TAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors [goid 45576] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells. Cytokines are any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity [goid 50663] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 10347188] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]"
"A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function [goid 1895] [pmid 17980398] [evidence IMP]; The assembly of a sensory cilium, a primary cilium found on sensory neurons that contains an a 9+0 axonemal arrangement of microtubules [goid 35058] [pmid 17980398] [evidence IMP]; Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [pmid 17980398] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [pmid 15823560] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 51493] [pmid 15823560] [evidence IEP]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [pmid 10788320] [evidence NAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 10788320] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 16414017] [evidence IDA]"
"The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating (alpha1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues [goid 15012] [pmid 9915799] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 10681567] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10681567] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 8670833] [evidence TAS]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 12217961] [evidence NAS]; The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 12217961] [evidence IGI]
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9117] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate [goid 6183] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate [goid 6228] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate [goid 6241] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of a plant or animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species [goid 8544] [pmid 8012394] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 46488] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence IEA]; The palmitoylation of the N-terminal cysteine of proteins to form the derivative N-palmitoyl-cysteine [goid 18009] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7590293] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8654390] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 10706668] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10706668] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10734104] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8825648] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [pmid 8041747] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 7612008] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 7612008] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 7612008] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells [goid 60088] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 7660129] [evidence TAS]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 7660129] [evidence TAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA [goid 6334] [evidence IEA]; Dynamic structural changes to eukaryotic chromatin occurring throughout the cell division cycle. These changes range from the local changes necessary for transcriptional regulation to global changes necessary for chromosome segregation [goid 6338] [pmid 12920187] [evidence NAS]; Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin [goid 6342] [pmid 12920187] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 14636221] [evidence IDA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 12920187] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells [goid 30261] [pmid 12920187] [evidence IDA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11283156] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42102] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42130] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9826712] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
"A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10074428] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10074428] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 10074428] [evidence TAS]"
Oxidation of two organic sulfhydryl groups (thiols) by a disulfide compound to form a disulfide bond [goid 6467] [pmid 12582175] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 11483512] [evidence TAS]; A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain [goid 16255] [pmid 1846368] [evidence EXP]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 7758945] [evidence TAS]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 1849280] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 6520] [pmid 2904146] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins [goid 6750] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10085079] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42135] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 46835] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 3029074] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs [goid 6148] [pmid 16964310] [evidence IDA]; The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties [goid 6304] [pmid 10884411] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine [goid 34418] [pmid 16964310] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation [goid 42102] [pmid 16964310] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation [goid 46638] [pmid 16964310] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes [goid 6658] [pmid 10196188] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 9326935] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9326935] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9326935] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10757639] [evidence TAS]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope [goid 6941] [pmid 9655184] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7937919] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation [goid 30968] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development [goid 45995] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 10200264] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 10432305] [evidence IDA]"
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9666055] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 12857734] [evidence IDA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I [goid 32981] [pmid 11112787] [evidence IMP]; The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I [goid 32981] [pmid 15159508] [evidence IMP]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [evidence IEA]; The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte [goid 43277] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 3266596] [evidence TAS]; A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 3266596] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 30178] [evidence IEA]; The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte [goid 43277] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 8733130] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 8733130] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
"The developmental process by which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 3007] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8804307] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell [goid 42692] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding [goid 43393] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 14701856] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process whereby most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells [goid 6887] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell or group of cells [goid 46928] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 9524069] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The addition of a sugar unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins [goid 6486] [evidence IEA]; An immune response mediated through a body fluid [goid 6959] [pmid 7786324] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages [goid 9311] [evidence ISS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 2875078] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8266101] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8266101] [evidence TAS]"
"The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence ISS]; The orderly movement of cells from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism [goid 16477] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6426] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6433] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8621628] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7769088] [evidence TAS]; Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism [goid 7530] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"A process whereby force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control [goid 3009] [pmid 17194691] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 18331830] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [pmid 11179693] [evidence ND ]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 11279102] [evidence NAS]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF receptor activity [goid 7175] [pmid 11279102] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11279102] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway [goid 30512] [pmid 11279102] [evidence IDA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]"
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]; Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 12244054] [evidence NAS]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity [goid 30514] [pmid 17400546] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation [goid 45666] [pmid 17400546] [evidence ISS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 6665] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 17105727] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 11489889] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of O-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a hydroxyl group [goid 16142] [pmid 17105727] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of O-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a hydroxyl group [goid 16142] [pmid 11489889] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 3796607] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the oesophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax [goid 30324] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the anatomical structures of branches in a tube are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A tube is a long hollow cylinder [goid 48754] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation [goid 7398] [pmid 10485894] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10485894] [evidence TAS]; The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis [goid 9950] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field [goid 43010] [evidence IEA]; The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 48048] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 9175632] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [evidence ISS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10662550] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands [goid 7422] [evidence IEA]; The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field [goid 45165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state [goid 48469] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species [goid 6801] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions involving hydrogen peroxide [goid 10310] [pmid 16636067] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals [goid 60263] [pmid 16636067] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [pmid 10022914] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid [goid 6672] [pmid 8955159] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [evidence NAS]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19722] [evidence IEA]"
Progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan [goid 7569] [pmid 7517666] [evidence TAS]
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 2171551] [evidence TAS];  [goid 8625] [evidence IEA]"
"In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts) [goid 6289] [pmid 10915768] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 7655453] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9124802] [evidence TAS]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8804307] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine [goid 6306] [evidence IEA]; The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom [goid 6479] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule [goid 32259] [evidence IEA]
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [pmid 4005226] [evidence TAS]; Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process induced by extracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8624] [pmid 7961935] [evidence TAS]"
"A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation [goid 16197] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism [goid 9409] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature) [goid 50955] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells [goid 46879] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 15652350] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 1313946] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 1313946] [evidence TAS]; The secretion of milk by the mammary gland [goid 7595] [pmid 1313946] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased [goid 45777] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [pmid 12538640] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles [goid 48193] [pmid 12538640] [evidence IMP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) [goid 9072] [evidence IEA]"
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 10947988] [evidence NAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 16939974] [evidence EXP]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 16805430] [evidence EXP]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [evidence NAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 9804974] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline [goid 7140] [pmid 9804974] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9804974] [evidence TAS]; The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis [goid 8637] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 11024028] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of ammonium into, out of, within or between cells. Ammonium is the cation NH4+ which is formed from N2 by root-nodule bacteria in leguminous plants and is an excretory product in ammonotelic animals [goid 15696] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 1408763] [evidence NAS]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8300593] [evidence TAS]; The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs [goid 7567] [pmid 9918852] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 9748285] [evidence NAS]"
A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [pmid 10580117] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8246996] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP [goid 7188] [pmid 8626574] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a tachykinin, i.e. a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2), binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7217] [pmid 17986524] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 8288567] [evidence TAS]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 8662091] [evidence NAS]
"The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation [goid 7290] [pmid 15710904] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The progressive compaction of the spermatid chromatin so that it reaches a level of condensation that is not compatible with nuclear activities such as transcription or DNA replication [goid 35092] [pmid 15710904] [evidence ISS]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [pmid 11007475] [evidence NAS]
The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9757831] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 3220478] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 3220478] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10882136] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 10421793] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB induced cascade [goid 43123] [pmid 12761501] [evidence IEP]"
"Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome [goid 389] [pmid 15647371] [evidence TAS]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 9731529] [evidence IC ]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 8211113] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6544] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid [goid 6563] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6544] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid [goid 6563] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds containing a single carbon atom [goid 6730] [pmid 11516159] [evidence IDA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10942362] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10201960] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [pmid 2545729] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 2933589] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 9391074] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10816584] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell [goid 8360] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) [goid 50808] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 14517287] [evidence IDA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 14517287] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [pmid 14517287] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9079676] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9843955] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9843955] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state [goid 16055] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6820] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of sulfate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 8272] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15701] [pmid 12736153] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of oxalate into, out of, within or between cells. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals [goid 19532] [pmid 1183472] [evidence IDA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 42990] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 9809072] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2890159] [evidence TAS]"
"A point in the eukaryotic cell cycle where progress through the cycle can be halted until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage [goid 75] [pmid 10764811] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10764811] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10764811] [evidence TAS]; Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [evidence IEA]; The hatching of the cellular blastocyst from the zona pellucida [goid 1835] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin [goid 6043] [pmid 9438414] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide moiety of a glycoprotein [goid 6044] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9438414] [evidence IMP]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 9714720] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence ISS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 9827529] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase [goid 32515] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase [goid 32516] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein [goid 35307] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]; Any process the stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein [goid 35308] [pmid 16916641] [evidence IDA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the nuclear localization signal of a protein with nuclear envelope proteins such as importins [goid 59] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system [goid 1841] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into inositol or an inositol derivative. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms [goid 46853] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid [goid 6529] [pmid 2564390] [evidence IC ]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid [goid 6541] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents [goid 8652] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose [goid 42149] [pmid 10085239] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43066] [pmid 17409444] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 45931] [pmid 2569668] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"A cellular process resulting in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually occurs after growth, replication, and segregation of cellular components [goid 910] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 11278869] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following their attachment to the zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the disperasl of the acrosomal contents into the egg [goid 7340] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head [goid 7342] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules [goid 16337] [pmid 11278869] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell [goid 30317] [pmid 11278869] [evidence TAS]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete) [goid 7281] [pmid 15081113] [evidence NAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 11175901] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid [goid 19370] [pmid 1881903] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [pmid 2542247] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [pmid 2542247] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [pmid 9600239] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 7958899] [evidence NAS]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in starting transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6367] [pmid 8946909] [evidence EXP]; The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation at an RNA polymerase II-specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II [goid 6368] [pmid 9405375] [evidence EXP]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 2247090] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 12095988] [evidence IMP]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 8561901] [evidence TAS]; The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER [goid 6621] [pmid 8561901] [evidence TAS]; The intracellular signaling cascade that results when a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis [goid 8632] [pmid 12095988] [evidence IMP]; Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell [goid 45454] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]"
Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle [goid 16188] [evidence IEA]; The covalent or non-covalent attachment of a palmitoyl moiety to a protein [goid 18345] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein to a specific location [goid 45184] [evidence IEA]
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [pmid 9233773] [evidence IDA]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions, mediated by protein kinases, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7243] [pmid 12721358] [evidence EXP]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9598317] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure [goid 8584] [pmid 9598317] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9632725] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9632725] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 9632725] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 9632725] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 7507] [evidence ISS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the onset of anaphase (chromosome movement) in the mitotic cell cycle [goid 30071] [evidence IEA]"
A type of vesicle-mediated transport in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle [goid 6897] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme JUN kinase by phosphorylation by a JUN kinase kinase (JNKK) [goid 7257] [pmid 10567356] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 16601] [evidence ISS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 3045729] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]"
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9603203] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell [goid 31122] [evidence ISS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neurite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurite is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites [goid 31175] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rac family [goid 32314] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction [goid 35021] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 51493] [evidence ISS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [evidence NAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution [goid 16064] [evidence NAS]"
"Process by which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed [goid 7500] [pmid 10207104] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9020188] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes [goid 7259] [pmid 9020188] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo [goid 1755] [evidence IEA]; The developmental process by which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 3007] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 7912209] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A process whereby force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis [goid 6936] [pmid 10974562] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of an amino acid residue in a peptide [goid 18193] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix [goid 30198] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9632145] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 45930] [pmid 9632145] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of organic anions into, out of, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage [goid 15711] [pmid 10779507] [evidence TAS]"
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism [goid 42742] [evidence ISS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9205127] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [evidence IEA]; The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15758] [evidence IEA]"
"Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins [goid 30048] [pmid 7932763] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein [goid 43666] [pmid 16716191] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [pmid 1863359] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [pmid 10564580] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein [goid 1932] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytokine or chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 19221] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a Stat3 protein [goid 42518] [evidence ISS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity [goid 46426] [pmid 9727029] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity [goid 46426] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling [goid 46627] [evidence ISS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8056341] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 10025957] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized, using parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands [goid 6261] [pmid 9153213] [evidence TAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 10608893] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6426] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 8159712] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 8159712] [evidence TAS]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities [goid 6693] [pmid 7876265] [evidence NAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 9886417] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9886417] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9886417] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9104803] [evidence TAS]"
"The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6424] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'- adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6425] [evidence IEA]"
"The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein [goid 46777] [evidence ISS]"
The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi [goid 1675] [pmid 15579588] [evidence NAS]
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin [goid 48013] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis [goid 50772] [evidence IEA]"
"Progression through prophase of meiosis I; divided into several stages [goid 7128] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 7566114] [evidence TAS]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level [goid 1666] [pmid 15174142] [evidence IEP]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9054364] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. In Deuterostomes the initial blastopore becomes the anus and the mouth forms second [goid 1702] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 6011] [pmid 9737970] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 9737970] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate [goid 6065] [pmid 9737970] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of O2 and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products [goid 8015] [pmid 8407899] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [pmid 9756919] [evidence IDA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]"
"The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex I [goid 6120] [pmid 9878551] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 12857734] [evidence IDA]; A process whereby a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient [goid 22900] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 12393874] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells [goid 44255] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina [goid 2088] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6833] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol [goid 6094] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol [goid 46168] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 8380507] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 8380507] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of carnitine into, out of, within or between cells. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane [goid 15879] [pmid 9685390] [evidence TAS]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [evidence NAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 11106490] [evidence IDA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10587367] [evidence TAS]"
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a cell [goid 6928] [pmid 9434156] [evidence TAS]
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate [goid 7044] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 2452834] [evidence TAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 10429193] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; The sequential process by which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers [goid 7596] [pmid 1438206] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol [goid 6704] [pmid 7859916] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels [goid 1816] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity [goid 6469] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of cholesterol within an organism or cell [goid 42632] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response [goid 50729] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9083] [pmid 2022752] [evidence IMP]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9927684] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8081734] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis [goid 6631] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [pmid 10408760] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine [goid 6853] [pmid 11257506] [evidence EXP]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation [goid 46320] [pmid 16054041] [evidence EXP]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine [goid 9083] [pmid 7883996] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 1328219] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6825] [pmid 15670166] [evidence TAS]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of copper ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6878] [pmid 9430722] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals [goid 6979] [pmid 9430722] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 30001] [evidence IEA]"
Cascade of at least three protein kinase activities culminating in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase. MAPKKK cascades lie downstream of numerous signaling pathways [goid 165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7173] [pmid 1322798] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 8253073] [evidence TAS]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7265] [pmid 11520933] [evidence EXP]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8253073] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [pmid 8388384] [evidence IPI]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone [goid 16486] [pmid 9341152] [evidence NAS]
"A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 9789084] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction [goid 9968] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [pmid 3036867] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [pmid 10673541] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15827] [evidence ISS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 3476959] [evidence NAS]"
"The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants [goid 8210] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 9799596] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity [goid 79] [pmid 9499409] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9499409] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 16109376] [evidence IPI]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in the nervous system. It may stop or prevent or reduce the rate of cell death by apoptosis and it is activated by stress to counteract death signals in central nervous systems. Different neuroprotective mechanisms may be activated to combat distinct types of cellular stress, ERK pathway is one of several neuroprotective mechanisms and it is a model system to study neuronal apoptosis, which may contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases and aging-related neuron loss [goid 43526] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level [goid 45884] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis in the nervous system. It may stop or prevent or reduce the rate of cell death by apoptosis and it is activated by stress to counteract death signals in central nervous systems. Different neuroprotective mechanisms may be activated to combat distinct types of cellular stress, ERK pathway is one of several neuroprotective mechanisms and it is a model system to study neuronal apoptosis, which may contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases and aging-related neuron loss [goid 43526] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of survival gene product expression; survival gene products are those that antagonize the apoptotic program. Regulation can be at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational level [goid 45884] [evidence IEA]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol [goid 6661] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 1695320] [evidence TAS]; Any process by which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location [goid 8104] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphoinositides, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of inositol. They are important constituents of cell membranes [goid 30384] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the activity of 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase [goid 43128] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a virion enters a host cell, including virion attachment and penetration [goid 46718] [pmid 14676841] [evidence TAS]; The process during virion attachment where a virion binds to a host cell receptor, resulting in a conformational change of the virus protein [goid 46813] [pmid 14676841] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 50731] [pmid 14676841] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord [goid 21513] [evidence IEA]; The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage. For example a finger or toe [goid 42733] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 45861] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 7673224] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8549832] [evidence TAS]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-lysine to form hypusine, N6-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-L-lysine [goid 8612] [pmid 16452303] [evidence EXP]; The chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of spermidine to form deoxyhypusine by the enzyme [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine synthase. The reaction occurs in four steps: 1. spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH + H+; 2. dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = 1,3-diaminopropane + [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 3. [enzyme]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 = [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2; 4. [eIF-5A]-lysine-N6=CH(CH2)3NH2 + NADH + H+ = [eIF-5A]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+ [goid 50983] [pmid 8549832] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 12482879] [evidence IMP]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium at the level of the cell [goid 19725] [pmid 12482879] [evidence IMP]; The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins [goid 47497] [pmid 16630562] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any biological process in an organism that recur with a regularity of approximately 24 hours [goid 7623] [pmid 9616112] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [pmid 9576906] [evidence IGI]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin [goid 8286] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic AMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response [goid 19933] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 45947] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8918462] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 10712923] [evidence EXP]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [pmid 8824319] [evidence NAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8918462] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex [goid 6461] [pmid 10749869] [evidence TAS]"
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 8647861] [evidence TAS]
The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 7633402] [evidence TAS]
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8288584] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 8702627] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 12098360] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring [goid 42167] [pmid 10858451] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10858451] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of, within or between cells. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines [goid 15884] [pmid 2605182] [evidence TAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation [goid 43313] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6835] [pmid 9108121] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [goid 9103] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [goid 9103] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria [goid 9103] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to living organisms. Used of chemical compounds, e.g. a xenobiotic chemical, such as a pesticide [goid 6805] [pmid 3141926] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 6644] [pmid 10455175] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 10455175] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent [goid 16042] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters. It does not occur during cholinergic synaptic transmission. Instead, acetylcholine is enzymatically degraded in the synaptic cleft [goid 1504] [pmid 8760387] [evidence NAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8760387] [evidence NAS]; The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin [goid 7269] [evidence NAS]; The initial attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the synaptic vesicle and the target membrane [goid 16081] [pmid 8760387] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin [goid 50796] [pmid 15537656] [evidence TAS]"
The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10048323] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8670870] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a steroid hormone binding to its receptor [goid 30518] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling [goid 48771] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 8107808] [evidence TAS]; The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm [goid 6611] [pmid 11149926] [evidence IDA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of calcium ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6874] [pmid 11149926] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane [goid 30866] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis, the process by which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes [goid 40020] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis [goid 42981] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 9079672] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]"
"Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment [goid 8053] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 1652374] [evidence TAS]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell [goid 2347] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9774969] [evidence IDA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9662378] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway [goid 45747] [pmid 11641404] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45892] [pmid 12446784] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 12446784] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits [goid 51289] [pmid 10373484] [evidence IPI]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10373550] [evidence TAS]; A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6916] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific gene or set of genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter [goid 10551] [pmid 10330009] [evidence IDA]; The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin [goid 30073] [pmid 10333057] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [pmid 15277395] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 12530534] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11980910] [evidence IDA]"
"The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 9326634] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins [goid 226] [evidence IEA]; Folding of the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin [goid 7025] [pmid 8706133] [evidence TAS]; Generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells [goid 7409] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9690476] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work [goid 7517] [pmid 9690476] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [pmid 10786676] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 10786676] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus [goid 10043] [pmid 12381728] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 8601400] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle [goid 7346] [pmid 15319434] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 8601400] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 8756334] [evidence IDA]; The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes [goid 1502] [pmid 8756334] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8756334] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [pmid 8673125] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 45449] [pmid 12079286] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10454147] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6816] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 9651507] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 9651507] [evidence TAS]"
"The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins [goid 184] [evidence IEA]; Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length [goid 290] [evidence IEA]"
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 2332435] [evidence TAS]
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 11825910] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation [goid 6914] [pmid 11825910] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 11825910] [evidence IDA]"
"The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, during exocytosis [goid 6904] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 15790593] [evidence IDA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8940140] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 2534964] [evidence NAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 2534964] [evidence NAS]; The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal [goid 7602] [pmid 2534964] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis [goid 16525] [pmid 10675891] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane [goid 8295] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine [goid 9446] [evidence IEA]"
"Process involving non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals [goid 6953] [evidence IEA]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 12475184] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids [goid 19216] [pmid 11835318] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 8586441] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell [goid 7020] [pmid 9566969] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9177789] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 9278457] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9278457] [evidence TAS]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8405411] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 9437026] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus [goid 7584] [pmid 6145156] [evidence TAS]; The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism [goid 7586] [pmid 6145156] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9886848] [evidence TAS]; Any process induced by hormones that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8628] [pmid 8961277] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30334] [evidence IEA]"
Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 8629] [evidence IEA]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [pmid 10806483] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence NAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development [goid 9791] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription [goid 51090] [pmid 10806483] [evidence IDA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides [goid 46685] [pmid 11239002] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [goid 30168] [evidence IEA]; The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein [goid 51258] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9284905] [evidence TAS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 8914602] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 9827704] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of a GTPase of the Rab family [goid 32313] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 10825129] [evidence NAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]
"A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 10381623] [evidence TAS]; The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules [goid 7160] [evidence IEA]; The conversion of proteins that induce or sustain apoptosis to an active form [goid 8633] [pmid 14764673] [evidence EXP]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk [goid 30879] [evidence IEA]; Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow [goid 35148] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism [goid 46620] [evidence IEA]; Morphogenesis, during the post-embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis pertains to process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 48563] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis [goid 43065] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 16130169] [evidence TAS]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced [goid 398] [pmid 12226669] [evidence EXP]; Any process by which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner [goid 6379] [pmid 11060040] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis [goid 15991] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer [goid 51260] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8973305] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of choline into, out of, within or between cells. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [goid 15871] [pmid 10677542] [evidence TAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 9693107] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation [goid 6446] [pmid 8995409] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile [goid 6699] [pmid 9802883] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus [goid 8202] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues [goid 8203] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 16481] [pmid 11891224] [evidence IDA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9930702] [evidence NAS]
"The hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides [goid 738] [pmid 15565158] [evidence IDA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; The process by which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA [goid 6353] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 6401] [pmid 10409438] [evidence TAS]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [pmid 10409438] [evidence IEP]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage [goid 16070] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 6071] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10760272] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid) [goid 6665] [pmid 9363775] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones [goid 9058] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 7989345] [evidence TAS]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9233623] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9233623] [evidence TAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [pmid 9116026] [evidence TAS]
"A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle [goid 6977] [pmid 17050675] [evidence IDA]; A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage [goid 6978] [pmid 17050675] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation [goid 50821] [pmid 17050675] [evidence IMP]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of L-alanine, the levorotatory isomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15808] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15816] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15824] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 10415358] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [pmid 10415358] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 6417] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [pmid 9153226] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 9153226] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9153226] [evidence TAS]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 8248134] [evidence NAS]; The process by which DNA replication is started; this involves the separation of a stretch of the DNA double helix, the recruitment of DNA polymerases and the initiation of polymerase action [goid 6270] [pmid 8248134] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein [goid 16567] [pmid 8248134] [evidence NAS]; The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome [goid 43687] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein [goid 51246] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2626032] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of caspase activity [goid 43154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness [goid 51017] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets [goid 7059] [pmid 9602165] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione [goid 6790] [pmid 11445554] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans [goid 30166] [evidence ISS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. Formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, they include hyaluronic acid and chondroitin, which provide lubrication in joints and form part of the matrix of cartilage. The three-dimensional structure of these molecules enables them to trap water, which forms a gel and gives glycosaminoglycans their elastic properties [goid 30203] [pmid 11139592] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone [goid 42446] [evidence ISS]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [pmid 9819444] [evidence TAS]
The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein [goid 51725] [evidence IEA]
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group [goid 6779] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [evidence IEA]; The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms [goid 7585] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process giving rise to specification of cell identity in the anterior compartments of the segmented embryo [goid 7387] [pmid 1682799] [evidence TAS]; The process involved in the specification of cell identity in the posterior compartments of the segmented embryo [goid 7388] [pmid 1682799] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 1558] [evidence IEA]"
"The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair [goid 12] [pmid 14755728] [evidence IDA]; The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair [goid 12] [pmid 17519253] [evidence IDA]; The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix [goid 6302] [pmid 17519253] [evidence IDA]; The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death [goid 8219] [evidence IEA]; Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein by altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation [goid 31647] [pmid 16777843] [evidence IMP]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus [goid 42542] [pmid 15044383] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; A defense response that is mediated by cells [goid 6968] [pmid 9806637] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9806637] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [pmid 8579597] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine [goid 30212] [evidence NAS]; A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor [goid 45321] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in maintaining the equilibrium of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell [goid 6884] [pmid 9516379] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles [goid 6909] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an integrin binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 7229] [evidence IEA]; A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound [goid 7242] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase [goid 43087] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion [goid 45785] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11252894] [evidence EXP]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins [goid 16044] [pmid 11031247] [evidence EXP]; The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 8898360] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids [goid 6139] [pmid 8973361] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8973361] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 8973361] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6546] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother [goid 7067] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process whereby chromatin structure is compacted prior to mitosis in eukaryotic cells [goid 7076] [pmid 10910072] [evidence NAS]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]; The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis [goid 6418] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus [goid 6986] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of viral proteins within the host cell [goid 19060] [pmid 15215856] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of unfolded or misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation [goid 30433] [pmid 15215856] [evidence IDA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation [goid 30968] [pmid 15215856] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon [goid 30970] [pmid 15215856] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 2692707] [evidence TAS]
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size [goid 40014] [evidence IEA]"
"The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information [goid 51276] [evidence IEA]; The cell cycle process by which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome [goid 7062] [evidence IEA]; Progression through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell. Meiotic division occurs during the formation of gametes from diploid organisms and at the beginning of haplophase in those organisms that alternate between diploid and haploid generations [goid 7126] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus [goid 9615] [evidence IEA]; The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein [goid 32020] [pmid 16122702] [evidence IDA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin [goid 48013] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 2174105] [evidence TAS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 7918100] [evidence TAS]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron [goid 30182] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an ephrin receptor binding to an ephrin [goid 48013] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6421] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6422] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) [goid 1501] [pmid 8661043] [evidence TAS]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [evidence IEA]; The formation of O-glycans by addition of glycosyl groups either to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or to the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine [goid 6493] [evidence IEA]"
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [evidence NAS]; The process by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present [goid 16049] [pmid 10092851] [evidence IDA]
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis [goid 7283] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 8099584] [evidence NAS]; The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains [goid 18149] [pmid 24643] [evidence IDA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 12850301] [evidence IEP]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte [goid 30216] [pmid 24643] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized [goid 31069] [pmid 15193648] [evidence TAS]; The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns [goid 31424] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cell envelope, everything external to, but not including, the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present [goid 43163] [pmid 24643] [evidence IDA]; The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits [goid 51262] [pmid 5038456] [evidence IDA]"
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10552933] [evidence TAS]; The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving dioxygen (O2), or any of the reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (-OH) [goid 6800] [pmid 7570184] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [pmid 8248161] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8530094] [evidence TAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [pmid 11060313] [evidence IPI]; The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis [goid 6921] [pmid 11060313] [evidence IPI]; The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by the nucleus during apoptosis [goid 30262] [pmid 11060313] [evidence IPI]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis [goid 6414] [pmid 15189156] [evidence EXP]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 8358435] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 1795030] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule [goid 5975] [evidence IEA];  [goid 6112] [evidence IEA]; The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility [goid 7568] [evidence IEA]; The inherent decline over time, from the optimal fertility and viability of early maturity, that may precede death and may be preceded by other indications, such as sterility [goid 7568] [pmid 11792841] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands [goid 8543] [pmid 17086194] [evidence EXP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization [goid 30501] [pmid 12110410] [evidence IMP]"
"The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan [goid 6487] [pmid 7665614] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 7665614] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein [goid 1932] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 9853756] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction [goid 51056] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [pmid 9738472] [evidence NAS]; The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 15243141] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid [goid 6796] [pmid 10319585] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6814] [pmid 10319585] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of chloride into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6821] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor [goid 7214] [pmid 8391122] [evidence TAS]"
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid [goid 6545] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates) [goid 9165] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10198172] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence ISS]; The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments [goid 16559] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10036181] [evidence TAS]"
The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage [goid 31103] [pmid 14664809] [evidence TAS]
"The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [pmid 7603572] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances within a cell [goid 46907] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment [goid 7154] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rac family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 16601] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration [goid 30336] [evidence IEA]"
"A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [pmid 11279242] [evidence NAS]; In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts) [goid 6289] [pmid 11279242] [evidence NAS]; In nucleotide excision repair a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts) [goid 6289] [pmid 11071939] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [pmid 11071939] [evidence NAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus [goid 9725] [pmid 11279242] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 11279242] [evidence IMP]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings [goid 8037] [pmid 12093160] [evidence NAS]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide [goid 16310] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9582122] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9789079] [evidence TAS]"
The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein [goid 6517] [pmid 2775174] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8790421] [evidence TAS]; The process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse [goid 7268] [pmid 8790421] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [pmid 8790421] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell [goid 16192] [pmid 1511013] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix [goid 30155] [pmid 12606567] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ARF protein signal transduction [goid 32012] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 8088829] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [evidence IEA]; The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA [goid 6434] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus [goid 6606] [pmid 7798308] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 51028] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another [goid 65002] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein [goid 6470] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars [goid 6024] [pmid 10842173] [evidence NAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.) [goid 7420] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue [goid 7498] [evidence IEA]; The regionalization process by which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation [goid 9953] [evidence IEA]"
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7166] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell [goid 30183] [evidence ISS]; The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation [goid 42100] [evidence ISS]; A series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell [goid 50853] [evidence ISS]
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [evidence IEA]; Passage through a cell cycle control point late in G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase; in most organisms studied, including budding yeast and animal cells, passage through start normally commits the cell to progressing through the entire cell cycle [goid 7089] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the activity of the GTPase ARF [goid 32312] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]"
"A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle [goid 6099] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle [goid 6102] [pmid 10601238] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of, within or between cells. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell [goid 6836] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6865] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15824] [pmid 7651355] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of, within or between cells. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y [goid 8643] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other. This process includes the actual movement of the solute, and any regulation and preparatory steps, such as reduction of the solute [goid 55085] [evidence IEA]"
"The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome [goid 2] [pmid 10926541] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 2823266] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [pmid 2823266] [evidence TAS]; Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion [goid 6839] [evidence IEA]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 7665596] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 12626323] [evidence EXP]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10334993] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine [goid 8206] [pmid 10334992] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester [goid 8654] [evidence IEA]"
"The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 9891060] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA [goid 17148] [pmid 9891060] [evidence ISS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokines [goid 42035] [pmid 9891060] [evidence IC ]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]"
"The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [evidence IEA]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum [goid 10332] [pmid 12874027] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 8603384] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a glycosamine consisting of a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on its glycose moiety [goid 9186] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9205118] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6811] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glutamate binding to a cell surface receptor [goid 7215] [pmid 9798920] [evidence TAS]"
"The developmental process by which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood [goid 3007] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell [goid 7219] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another [goid 8078] [evidence IEA]; Movement of the anterior ectoderm to the interior of the embryo [goid 8258] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 6071] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids [goid 6071] [evidence IEA]"
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically [goid 6400] [evidence IEA]
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [evidence IEA]; The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9566959] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [pmid 9566959] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 45893] [pmid 15572661] [evidence NAS]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9407053] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9407053] [evidence TAS]; The directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis. It passes many of the materials to lysosomes for degradation [goid 16197] [pmid 10861283] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds [goid 42176] [pmid 15611048] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity [goid 46426] [pmid 12444102] [evidence IDA]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 9311998] [evidence NAS]; Upregulation of the activity of a caspase, any of a group of cysteine proteases involved in apoptosis [goid 6919] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 9082980] [evidence TAS]; The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues [goid 7250] [pmid 11464292] [evidence NAS]; The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues [goid 7250] [pmid 9430227] [evidence NAS];  [goid 8625] [pmid 9311998] [evidence NAS]"
"The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 1908238] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general. Includes protein modification [goid 19538] [evidence IEA]"
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein [goid 6508] [pmid 2569462] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 2569462] [evidence TAS]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 8004088] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors [goid 7608] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus [goid 50896] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 10438528] [evidence TAS]"
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens [goid 45087] [pmid 12223513] [evidence NAS]
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings [goid 8038] [pmid 10624965] [evidence NAS]; The sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) in response to stimulation [goid 19226] [pmid 11352571] [evidence NAS]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures [goid 7010] [pmid 9192814] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides [goid 6006] [pmid 8132752] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle [goid 6096] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin [goid 32024] [pmid 8878425] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin [goid 32024] [pmid 8132752] [evidence IMP]; Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of glucose within an organism or cell [goid 42593] [pmid 8132752] [evidence IMP]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis [goid 45721] [pmid 8878425] [evidence IMP]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen [goid 45725] [pmid 8878425] [evidence IMP]; The series of events in which a glucose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal [goid 51594] [pmid 12941786] [evidence IMP]"
"Progression through G1 phase, one of two 'gap' phases in the mitotic cell cycle; G1 is the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis [goid 80] [pmid 9383053] [evidence TAS]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9383053] [evidence TAS]; Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8284] [pmid 9383053] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 3753802] [evidence NAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10970861] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10749889] [evidence TAS]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an estrogen binding to its receptor [goid 30520] [pmid 3753802] [evidence NAS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity [goid 48386] [pmid 15831516] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence NAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by modulation of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide [goid 7187] [pmid 8175743] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate [goid 7200] [pmid 8175743] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction [goid 35023] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [pmid 15528193] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation [goid 1937] [pmid 15528193] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 10664857] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides [goid 45980] [evidence IEA]; The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits [goid 51289] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds [goid 51346] [pmid 15528193] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds [goid 51346] [evidence ISS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides [goid 45980] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [pmid 11375483] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 11375483] [evidence NAS]"
"Progression from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 82] [pmid 3678831] [evidence IMP]; The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division [goid 7049] [evidence IEA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle [goid 7052] [pmid 15014043] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis [goid 7088] [pmid 15014043] [evidence IDA]; A cell cycle process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the progression through the S phase of the mitotic cell cycle [goid 7090] [pmid 3678831] [evidence IMP]; The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells [goid 51301] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 51101] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 9618262] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat [goid 45444] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding, selective interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid [goid 51101] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The formation or destruction of chromatin structures [goid 6333] [pmid 10444591] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth [goid 30308] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [evidence IEA]; The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell [goid 7156] [pmid 7758945] [evidence TAS]; Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining [goid 7566] [pmid 7758945] [evidence TAS]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [pmid 9450966] [evidence NAS]
"The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, within or between cells, or within a multicellular organism [goid 6810] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6833] [pmid 7521540] [evidence TAS]; The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds [goid 7588] [pmid 1722319] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 1871106] [evidence TAS]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation) [goid 6950] [evidence IEA]"
"Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels [goid 1525] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8479902] [evidence TAS]; Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell [goid 30033] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [evidence IEA]"
Any process by which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes [goid 31047] [evidence IEA]
"Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light [goid 45494] [pmid 12872122] [evidence IMP]; The process by which the identity of an organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized [goid 48496] [pmid 12872122] [evidence IMP]"
"The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 16495485] [evidence ISS]; Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane [goid 6906] [pmid 10888671] [evidence IDA]; The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis [goid 6911] [pmid 15133481] [evidence ISS]; The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes [goid 8333] [pmid 10888671] [evidence IDA]; The directed movement of proteins into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15031] [evidence IEA]; The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, requiring the presence of calcium ions [goid 17156] [pmid 14993220] [evidence ISS]; The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil cationic protein by an eosinophil [goid 43308] [pmid 14993220] [evidence ISS]; The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil [goid 43312] [pmid 14993220] [evidence ISS]"
"The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif [goid 6605] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state [goid 7266] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis [goid 30100] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 16939974] [evidence EXP]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 16805430] [evidence EXP]; Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase [goid 7190] [pmid 1730060] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 2302217] [evidence TAS]; The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth [goid 7565] [pmid 10698193] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 45786] [evidence IEA]"
"Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 11485208] [evidence TAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7169] [pmid 11485208] [evidence NAS]; The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific [goid 42110] [pmid 11485208] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group [goid 6779] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next [goid 33014] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next [goid 33014] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III [goid 6780] [pmid 2331520] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors [goid 6783] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis) [goid 6935] [pmid 9486651] [evidence TAS]; The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages [goid 6954] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [pmid 9486651] [evidence TAS]; Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol [goid 7204] [pmid 9486651] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9486651] [evidence TAS]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes [goid 48535] [evidence IEA]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin moiety, or multiple ubiquitin moieties, to the protein [goid 6511] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 10330347] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 10330347] [evidence TAS]; The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound [goid 7605] [pmid 10330347] [evidence TAS]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells [goid 7043] [pmid 8486731] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances [goid 6091] [pmid 2157630] [evidence TAS]"
"A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins [goid 160] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) [goid 6198] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue [goid 9187] [pmid 9784418] [evidence NAS]"
"The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule [goid 724] [pmid 9396801] [evidence NAS]; The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway [goid 6281] [pmid 9396801] [evidence NAS]"
"The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules [goid 7155] [pmid 15759005] [evidence IC ]; The binding and fusion of a sperm, having penetrated the zona pellucida, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head [goid 7342] [pmid 15759005] [evidence IDA]"
"The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8775462] [evidence NAS]; The process by which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex [goid 2504] [evidence IEA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]"
"The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors [goid 1913] [pmid 15811952] [evidence IDA]; The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal [goid 2355] [pmid 15811952] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target [goid 2860] [pmid 15811952] [evidence IDA]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The process by which a cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings [goid 8037] [pmid 15811952] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cytokines from a cell or group of cells [goid 50715] [pmid 15811952] [evidence IDA]; The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus [goid 50798] [pmid 15811952] [evidence IDA]; The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal [goid 51606] [pmid 15811952] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end [goid 8150] [evidence ND ]; Any process by which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species [goid 44419] [evidence IEA]"
"A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism [goid 6974] [pmid 9926927] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 9926927] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 9926927] [evidence TAS]"
"Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals [goid 7264] [evidence IEA]; Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon [goid 30031] [pmid 11956649] [evidence IDA]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins [goid 30036] [pmid 11956649] [evidence IDA]; Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors [goid 50885] [evidence IEA]"
The process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form [goid 9653] [pmid 10570958] [evidence TAS]
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anti-apoptosis [goid 19987] [pmid 10644768] [evidence IMP]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development [goid 45843] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development [goid 45843] [evidence IEA]"
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances [goid 44237] [evidence IEA]
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 10753868] [evidence NAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 9923610] [evidence TAS]; Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 9923610] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide [goid 9101] [pmid 9923610] [evidence IDA]; The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to cause disease in another [goid 9405] [pmid 9923610] [evidence TAS]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication [goid 45071] [pmid 9923610] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids with a chain length of C18 or greater [goid 38] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [evidence IEA]; The metabolic oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A [goid 6635] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate [goid 60009] [evidence IEA]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8661128] [evidence NAS]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence IEA]"
"A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [pmid 7691276] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein [goid 1934] [pmid 16531507] [evidence IDA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode [goid 9624] [evidence ISS]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle [goid 46326] [pmid 16531507] [evidence IDA]"
"The process by which the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1, S, G2, M) [goid 7050] [pmid 17216128] [evidence IDA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation [goid 8285] [pmid 17216128] [evidence IDA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6081] [pmid 8645224] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane [goid 9437] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell [goid 42136] [pmid 2925663] [evidence IDA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone [goid 42445] [pmid 2925663] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 2925663] [evidence IDA]"
"The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell [goid 6886] [pmid 10400679] [evidence TAS]; A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus [goid 7030] [pmid 10400679] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II-specific promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) [goid 6366] [pmid 8837781] [evidence TAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein [goid 6412] [pmid 9341143] [evidence TAS]; Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle [goid 51726] [evidence IEA]"
"The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions [goid 245] [pmid 12084575] [evidence IDA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide [goid 6397] [evidence IEA]; The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA [goid 8380] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules [goid 6396] [evidence IEA]"
"The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification) [goid 6464] [pmid 7665581] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 11243782] [evidence NAS]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome [goid 43161] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [evidence IEA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [goid 21983] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 45944] [evidence IEA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones [goid 46886] [evidence IEA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [pmid 9813312] [evidence TAS]; The process by which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues [goid 7411] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord [goid 7417] [pmid 10349621] [evidence TAS]; Morphogenesis of an organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process by which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions [goid 9887] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]"
"The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 9097971] [evidence TAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [pmid 9097971] [evidence TAS]"
"Any process involved in the assembly of the RNA polymerase complex at the promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter [goid 6352] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification [goid 6694] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics [goid 6710] [pmid 12697717] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]; Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules [goid 6364] [evidence IEA]
"The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptosis in neurons [goid 43524] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence NAS]"
"A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]; A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface [goid 6915] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone [goid 9755] [pmid 16603237] [evidence IDA]; The alteration of DNA or protein in chromatin, which may result in changing the chromatin structure [goid 16568] [evidence IEA]; Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor [goid 30521] [pmid 16603237] [evidence IDA]; The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone [goid 33169] [pmid 16603237] [evidence IDA]; Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription [goid 45941] [pmid 16603237] [evidence IMP]; The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), the simplest aldehyde [goid 46293] [pmid 16603237] [evidence IDA]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA [goid 6260] [pmid 12791985] [evidence EXP]; Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes [goid 6297] [pmid 9111189] [evidence EXP]
"The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein [goid 6468] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi [goid 6888] [pmid 11956649] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway activity [goid 8277] [pmid 12652642] [evidence IDA]"
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure [goid 6457] [evidence IEA]; The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote [goid 7338] [pmid 9177349] [evidence TAS]
"Control of the spatial distribution of actin filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking [goid 7015] [evidence ISS]; The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult) [goid 7275] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state [goid 7399] [evidence IEA]; The process whereby relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate [goid 30154] [evidence IEA]; A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers [goid 48168] [pmid 12009525] [evidence NAS]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development [goid 50773] [pmid 12009525] [evidence NAS]"
"Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack [goid 6952] [pmid 2828034] [evidence TAS]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The posttranslational modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor eEF-2 [goid 17183] [evidence IEA]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight [goid 1654] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina [goid 2088] [evidence IEA]; The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image [goid 7601] [pmid 3670288] [evidence TAS]"
"The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [evidence NAS]"
"A process whereby force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step. The chemo-mechanical energy conversion step is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control [goid 3009] [pmid 17194691] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction [goid 6942] [pmid 17194691] [evidence IDA]; Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase [goid 43462] [pmid 17194691] [evidence IDA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol [goid 7026] [evidence ISS]"
"The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of zinc (Zn) ions into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6829] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of zinc ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6882] [evidence IEA]; The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth [goid 1701] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6812] [evidence IEA]; The regulation of the levels, transport, and metabolism of zinc ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment [goid 6882] [evidence IEA]"
"The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom, as carried out by individual cells [goid 6066] [pmid 2347582] [evidence NAS]; The process of removal or addition of one or more electrons with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons [goid 55114] [evidence IEA]"
"Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 122] [pmid 10748193] [evidence TAS]; The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription [goid 6355] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids [goid 6629] [pmid 10748193] [evidence TAS]"
"A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis [goid 6917] [pmid 8391931] [evidence TAS]; Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat [goid 6955] [evidence IEA]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [pmid 8391931] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 8391931] [evidence TAS]; The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population [goid 8283] [pmid 8391931] [evidence TAS]"
"The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 6813] [evidence IEA]; The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation [goid 8152] [evidence IEA]; The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into, out of, within or between cells [goid 15992] [evidence IEA]"
"The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase by phosphorylation by a MAPKK [goid 187] [pmid 10196213] [evidence TAS]; The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell [goid 7165] [evidence IEA]; The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand [goid 7186] [pmid 9371698] [evidence TAS]; Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another [goid 7267] [pmid 9371698] [evidence TAS]"
"The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA [goid 6350] [evidence IEA]; Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter [goid 6357] [pmid 8786133] [evidence TAS]; Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism [goid 48511] [evidence IEA]"